100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 193 9 - 8- 7 6- ... E lIS 15 5 4 3 2 O -' 1 2 - 3 4 5 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 18192VO2n.1221 Time Figure 1 Multi-vari chart Reference Mario Perez-Wilson (1992) Multivari Chart and Analysis: a Pre-experimentation Technique. Scottsdale, Arizona: Advanced Systems Consultant.
194 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Method 85 NP chart Purpose To identify when the number of defective items in a sample of constant size is changing over time. When to use When monitoring a process to detect changes, or when a change has been made to process inputs to find out whether the number of defective items also changes. NP charts are used when the sample size is constant. How to use There are seven simple steps involved: 1 Collect the data. Draw up a table showing the number of defective items for each lot number. The number of defective items is called np. The total number of lots is called m. 2 Plot the data from the table onto the np control chart (see Figure 1 on page 196). The successive lot numbers are shown on the horizontal axis, the number of defective units is shown on the vertical axis. 3 Calculate the central line as np = !nplm. 4 Calculate p = npln. 5 Calculate the control limits which are ± 3 s.d. about the central line and are calculated as: Upper control limit (UCL) = np + 3vnp x V(l-p) Lower control limit (LCL) = np - 3Vnp x V(l-p) If the lower control limit is less than zero it is taken to be zero. 6 Draw the central line and the control limits on the control chart. 7 Interpret the results. Benefits It can be difficult to separate out random variation (often called common cause or non-assignable variation) from real variation caused by changes to the process. NP charts are a way of doing this for the number of defective items with a sample size that is constant.
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100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAG
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PREFACE An essential part of the de
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THE ROLE OF TQM METHODS Total quali
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LIST OF METHODS (BY CATEGORY) Manag
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MANAGEMENT METHODS Method 1 Accepta
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Page 243 and 244: INDEX acceptable quality level (AQL
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100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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