100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 209 Cp ppm 1.00 1350 1.33 32 1.67 0.3 2.00 0.001 For attributes data, the capability of the process is often called the first run capability (FRC) and is calculated as: FRC = (l -p) X 100% where p is the percentage of defective items (see Method 87). Benefits By establishing the facts about process performance it becomes easier for technical, marketing and manufacturing departments to talk to each other, and for companies to talk to their customers and suppliers. Example During the manufacture of glass bottles, the internal diameter of the bottle neck is a critical parameter. The specification of the neck is agreed with customers as 1.5 cm ± 0.01 cm. The total specification spread is therefore 0.02cm. Based upon a set of samples of size 5, the mean of the ranges R was 0.0075 cm. Total process spread was calculated as 6 X R/d2 = 0.019. The capability was therefore 0.02/019 = 1.035. Using the figures given above, it can be seen that approximately l350 ppm are being produced out of specification. Reference Mal Owens (1989) SPC and Business Improvement. London: IFS Publications.
210 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Method 91 Sampling Purpose A method by which a small number of items (the sample) is drawn from a larger number of items (the population) in order to draw a conclusion about the population based upon information from the sample. When to use Sampling is used when the overall size of the population is such that to gain full information would be impossible, time-consuming or very costly. Under some circumstances, sampling can be more accurate than information obtained from the total popUlation. How to use There are five common methods of sampling in common usage. Random sampling This is when the sample is designed so that every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen. It is usual to do this using random numbers to tell you which items to select. Random sampling is used when there are no known patterns or trends in the data. The disadvantages are that it can be costly and that, if the population is ill defined, it is impossible to number the items to allow the sample to be designed. Stratified sampling This is when the sample is designed to reflect prior knowledge about the population. An example of this is social trends where groups A, B, C, D and E are chosen. A random sample is then taken within each group or stratum. Stratified sampling gives more precise information than random sampling. Cluster sampling This is when the population is split into groups or clusters and then a random choice of clusters is made. Random sampling then takes place within the cluster.
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100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAG
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PREFACE An essential part of the de
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THE ROLE OF TQM METHODS Total quali
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LIST OF METHODS (BY CATEGORY) Manag
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MANAGEMENT METHODS Method 1 Accepta
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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPL
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Page 241 and 242: REFERENCES Akao, Y. (1991) Hoshin K
Page 243 and 244: INDEX acceptable quality level (AQL
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