100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 219 Method 95 Stem and leaf diagram Purpose To present raw data and to show their distribution visually. When to use As a tool in exploratory data analysis such as histograms. It is useful for illustrating large amounts of data. How to use Round numerical data to the number of tens by trimming off the last digits. In Figure 1 the ascending order of the data is 3, 5,6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9 . .. 33, 35. The last digit of each observation is called a leaf and the other digits form a stem. For an observation of 35, the leaf is 5 and the stem is 3. Benefits 1 A stem and leaf diagram sideways provides a histogram of the data with numerical values. 2 The method can be modified to suit different data. 3 Ouartiles, i.e. 01 , O2 etc. can be read directly. 4 The diagram gives a useful five-number summary, i.e. lower quartile, median, upper quartile, the smallest and the target value. Tens Units 0 3 0 56777889 1 01 1 2233344 1 5556677788899 2 01 1233 2 5578899 3 0123 3 5 Stem Leaf Total 1 8 10-- 01 13-- 02 6" 03 7 4 1 50 Figure 1 Stem and leaf diagram
220 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Example A stem and leaf diagram is given in Figure 1. The stem in this case is the tens and to the right are the units. The top value is thus 3 and the bottom value is 35. The diagram sideways also provides a histogram with the numerical values and 01> O2 and 03, Reference B. Bergman and B. Klefsjo (1994) Quality: from Customer Needs to Customer Satisfaction. New York: McGraw-HilI.
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100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAG
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PREFACE An essential part of the de
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THE ROLE OF TQM METHODS Total quali
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LIST OF METHODS (BY CATEGORY) Manag
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MANAGEMENT METHODS Method 1 Accepta
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