Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 5. Changes in patterns <strong>of</strong> psychoactive substances use during past pregnancy: Colombia, 1992. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalants during the past year (1.7 percent) is one <strong>of</strong> the highest prevalences in Colombia, surpassed only by alcohol and tobacco. Lifetime prevalence is the fourth (3.8 percent), after alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. The estimated incidence rate is 65 per 10,000 person-years. This means that every year about 144,000 persons initiated inhalant use in the country, most <strong>of</strong> them adolescents. Age is the variable most associated with inhalant use, with adolescents 12-17 years <strong>of</strong> age reporting the highest rates <strong>of</strong> use. Other variables having a statistically significant association to the prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use were marital status and occupational status. These two variables seem to be related to inhalant use because they are associated with the subjects’ age. On the other hand, no characteristics were found associated with cessation <strong>of</strong> inhalant use. The largest numbers <strong>of</strong> current and new inhalant users were found among adolescents, women, students, individuals <strong>of</strong> low socioeconomic status, and persons living in large cities (i.e., those with greater than 500,000 inhabitants). Prevention programs need to focus on these groups. 97
The conduct <strong>of</strong> consumers <strong>of</strong> inhalants who become pregnant is alarming, since the majority continued consumption during gestation, and a high percentage (24.6 percent) even increased use. However, it is important to point out that there are a number <strong>of</strong> limitations in this study that may affect the results reported. Most importantly, this survey does not include children younger than 12 or children living in the streets in urban or rural areas. As previous studies on inhalant use had showed, the highest prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use is among street children. For example, a recent study on the drug-using behavior <strong>of</strong> children living in the streets found inhalants to be the preferred drug <strong>of</strong> the youth interviewed (Knaul and Castillo, in press; Lozano 1990). Additional research that would explore those factors that expose or protect individuals from the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants is needed. Particularly, ethnographic studies that focus on collecting data on children living in the streets, as well as studies <strong>of</strong> pregnant women who use inhalants, are most needed. The results from these ethnographic studies then could be utilized to develop longitudinal and case control studies that will explore this issue in more depth. Finally, research that evaluates the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> prevention education programs also is needed. This development <strong>of</strong> information on inhalant abuse is an integral part <strong>of</strong> the Colombian Government’s efforts to deal with the drug problem in that country. This effort should involve creating a strategy that deals with drug use, not only as a law enforcement problem but as a public health problem that requires the development <strong>of</strong> data sources that could be utilized to develop more effective drug prevention and treatment programs (Dirección <strong>National</strong> de Estupefacientes 1993). REFERENCES Dirección <strong>National</strong> de Estupefacientes, Ministerio de Justicia, Colombia. “Política Colombiana para la Superación de1 Problema de la Droga,” 1993. Estupiñán, D.E. Encuesta Nacional sobre Conocimientos, Attitudes y Practicas en Salud, 1986-1989: Sustancias Sicoactivas: Escala de Riesgo. Bogotá Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Imprenta INS, 1990. 98
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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