Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 1. Number <strong>of</strong> glue sniffers detected in Singapore by year. control <strong>of</strong> heroin abuse. The enactment <strong>of</strong> the Intoxicating Substances Act <strong>of</strong> 1987, which has made inhalant abuse an <strong>of</strong>fense, probably has deterred the abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants, thus resulting in the gradual decline since 1988. The involvement in glue sniffing by an increasing number <strong>of</strong> young people has become an issue <strong>of</strong> great concern in Singapore. Of the total number <strong>of</strong> 1,112 inhalant abusers detected in 1987, 194 (or 17.4 percent) were younger than 15 years old, while 640 (or 57.5 percent) were between 15 and 19 years old. A growing number <strong>of</strong> school students (ages 7 to 19) were involved, too. In 1987, 140 (or 12.6 percent) <strong>of</strong> the 1,112 inhalant abusers detected were schoolchildren. In Singapore, the most commonly abused substance is the rubber-solution glue usually sold by and used in bicycle repair shops. More than 95 percent <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers abused this glue. Other inhalants abused include a range <strong>of</strong> adhesives, petroleum products, paint thinners, and plastic cements. Three common methods <strong>of</strong> inhaling are used in Singapore (Navaratnam 1988). These are: Inhaling from containers: The abusers inhale the volatile material directly from the container. 41
Inhaling from a plastic bag: The volatile material is placed in a plastic bag, and the abusers inhale the vapor that is emitted. Inhaling from cloth: The volatile material is placed on a piece <strong>of</strong> cloth and spread evenly. The abusers then inhale the vapors emitted. Some <strong>of</strong> the common factors contributing to inhalant abuse among the young people in Singapore include peer influence, curiosity, lack <strong>of</strong> parental guidance, boredom, easy availability <strong>of</strong> the substances, and the quick-high effect <strong>of</strong> inhalation <strong>of</strong> intoxicating substances. Adverse health consequences due to volatile solvents have been reported. By 1987, there had been 23 cases <strong>of</strong> deaths associated with glue sniffing. They were a result <strong>of</strong> accidents (such as drowning) or suicide. Eleven abusers have suffered brain damage, primarily in the form <strong>of</strong> cognitive dysfunction such as impaired perception, reasoning, and memory. The persistent presence <strong>of</strong> repeaters detected indicates that some <strong>of</strong> the inhalant abusers could have developed psychological dependence on inhalants; about 20 percent <strong>of</strong> the 1,112 abusers detected in 1987 had been contacted five times or more by the police or <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the Central Bureau, Singapore. Violent behavior as a result <strong>of</strong> glue sniffing also has been reported. The social consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse are diverse. Family life <strong>of</strong>ten is disrupted because <strong>of</strong> glue-sniffing incidents. The teenager who is dependent on inhaling these substances tends to neglect schoolwork, interests, and personal hygiene (Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association 1988). Several measures have been introduced by the Singapore Government to curb the indiscriminate use <strong>of</strong> inhalants. These include the enactment <strong>of</strong> the Intoxicating Substance Act <strong>of</strong> 1987, which makes inhalant abuse an <strong>of</strong>fense by law. Under the act, suspected inhalant abusers can be subjected to blood tests. Those detected for the first time can be placed under the supervision <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers from the Central Narcotics Bureau. Recalcitrant <strong>of</strong>fenders may be admitted for treatment and rehabilitation in approved institutions and afterwards are placed under supervision. Those who breach the supervision are punished. In addition to these deterrent measures and legislation, a 3-month anti-glue-sniffing and anti-inhalant abuse campaign was launched in 1988. 42
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98:
TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100:
TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102:
FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312:
AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316:
80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318:
102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320:
124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322:
138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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