Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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a comparatively lengthy history <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse, while abuse in most <strong>of</strong> the other countries became problematic only in the 1980s. As the authors point out, the paucity <strong>of</strong> information about inhalant abuse in this region makes conclusions regarding the nature and scope <strong>of</strong> the problem tenuous. However, the predominant characteristics <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers in Asia and the Pacific (i.e., minority populations and youth) and the prevalence and the low cost <strong>of</strong> a wide variety <strong>of</strong> available substances are a cause <strong>of</strong> serious public health concern for each <strong>of</strong> the countries reviewed. Laura Edith Baldivieso’s chapter focuses on the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and abuse in Bolivia. Data collected from a number <strong>of</strong> local surveys and ethnographic studies indicate that inhalant use is a serious problem among street youths. The findings from these studies also suggest that street children who use inhalants are more likely to be abused by their families and to be forced to earn a living than children living at home who do not use inhalants. The author also reports that efforts to prevent and treat the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants, especially among high-risk children, are limited at present. Prevention and treatment efforts against the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants at this point are being addressed almost exclusively by private institutions. As Dr. Beatriz Carlini-Cotrim states in the first sentence <strong>of</strong> her chapter, “<strong>Inhalant</strong> Use Among Brazilian Youths,” inhalant abuse is “an old phenomenon” in Brazil. Indeed, inhalant abuse has been recognized as a problem in Brazil since the 1920s. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim presents all available epidemiologic data on inhalant abuse among students in Brazil. She points out that over 40 percent <strong>of</strong> the population <strong>of</strong> Brazil consists <strong>of</strong> young people under the age <strong>of</strong> 18. Given that the major drug abuse problem for young people is the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants, this behavior presents a particular challenge for Brazil. In some geographic areas, inhalant abuse among youths with other problems is concentrated in poverty areas. In times <strong>of</strong> economic hardship, these children end up on the streets and become involved in the use <strong>of</strong> alcohol and in petty crime. Many <strong>of</strong> these children have been rejected by their families and join together in groups that are threatening to local businesses. The actual number <strong>of</strong> children on the streets is difficult to assess, although the estimates <strong>of</strong> true “throwaway” children (i.e., children without families) show a few thousand. Studies <strong>of</strong> these children in São Paulo and Porto Alegre show that use <strong>of</strong> drugs vary among subgroups <strong>of</strong> street children. Such variation may be the result <strong>of</strong> varying levels <strong>of</strong> involvement with families and other social 3
agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim concludes with a discussion <strong>of</strong> prevention issues and areas for further epidemiologic research. Drs. Luis Duque and Edgar Rodríguez and Jaime Huertas describe the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use in Colombia. The results <strong>of</strong> their analysis identify inhalants as the fourth most prevalent group <strong>of</strong> substances <strong>of</strong> abuse among Colombians, after alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. The authors also found that single individuals, persons living in urban areas, and individuals between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12-17 were at highest risk <strong>of</strong> participating in inhalant abuse. The authors also discuss inhalant use among pregnant women and the efforts made by the Colombian Government and private institutions to address this particular part <strong>of</strong> the problem. They conclude with a commentary on the lack <strong>of</strong> prevention and treatment programs to address the inhalant abuse problem in Colombia and suggest that more research on this issue is needed, given the changing and growing nature <strong>of</strong> the inhalant use problem in Colombia. The need for establishing a sound epidemiologic research foundation for the development <strong>of</strong> prevention and treatment services for inhalant abuse is discussed in Dr. Eva Katona’s chapter, “<strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Hungarian Review.” In this chapter, Dr. Katona describes an epidemiologic picture <strong>of</strong> drug abuse in Hungary and the status <strong>of</strong> epidemiologic research in this country which is undergoing great political, social, and economic change. She presents a description <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse and how patterns <strong>of</strong> such abuse vary across the country. She suggests that local variability requires varying responses. Her review <strong>of</strong> the research in Hungary also points out the lability <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse, with trends indicating epidemic periods as well as periods <strong>of</strong> minimal or almost no use. Dr. Katona states at one point in her chapter, “More research is needed on the circumstances and conditions that put one population more at risk than another or what cultural norms and values are related to drug abuse.” Dr. Katona’s statement reflects a universal need in the field, whether one is addressing the problem locally or globally. In conclusion, Dr. Katona cogently puts the Hungarian drug abuse problem into the context <strong>of</strong> the changes going on within Hungary, as well as those changes occurring in such surrounding countries as the former Yugoslavia: The opening to the West and <strong>of</strong> borders, in conjunction with unstable economic and social conditions, all serve to impact substance abuse in general, and in the face <strong>of</strong> economic hardship, inhalant abuse specifically. 4
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7: extent of inhalant
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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