Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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current inhalant user is defined as a person who reported using inhalants during the 12 months prior to being interviewed. A new consumer is defined as an individual who used inhalants for the first time during the 12 months prior to the interview. The results from this survey show that there were more female than male current and new users. Individuals 18 years <strong>of</strong> age or younger were found to have the highest number <strong>of</strong> current and new users <strong>of</strong> any age category. Occupational status showed that the percentage <strong>of</strong> inhalant users was similar for students, those who were employed, and those in domestic situations. On the other hand, the survey indicated that almost half <strong>of</strong> all new users were students, followed by those who were employed and those in domestic situations. Furthermore, the findings by economic status suggest that those in the lowest socioeconomic levels have the highest percentage <strong>of</strong> current and new users. Finally, the greatest number <strong>of</strong> current and new users were found in cities with over 500,000 inhabitants (figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Regression analysis <strong>of</strong> the data collected revealed that age accounted for 80 percent <strong>of</strong> the variance responsible for inhalant-using behavior (table 8). Patterns <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong> Data collected from this survey measured frequency <strong>of</strong> use and age <strong>of</strong> initiation <strong>of</strong> inhalant users. Subjects in the survey were classified as “occasional” users if they had inhaled once during the past month, “moderate” if they used from two to four times, and “heavy” if they inhaled five or more times. Using this classification, it was determined that 28.1 percent <strong>of</strong> the users were “heavy” users; 34.3 percent “moderate” users, and 35.7 percent “occasional” users (table 9). The average age for initiating inhalant abuse was 16.8 years <strong>of</strong> age with no significant difference between males and females. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the data regarding age <strong>of</strong> initiation to inhalant use suggests that among current users there has been a decrease in the age <strong>of</strong> initiation from those who started use at the preadolescent, adolescent, and early adulthood years. This tendency was statistically significant for those current users who initiated use between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12-17. Among previous inhalant users there also was a slight reduction in the age <strong>of</strong> initiation, but only for those who started their use after the age <strong>of</strong> 12. This reduction was statistically significant for those previous inhalant users who started use between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12-17 (see tables 10(a) and 10(b)). 87
FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number <strong>of</strong> inhalant current users and new users: Colombia, 1992. Other results suggest that the mean age <strong>of</strong> initial inhalant use among high-income current users was lower than that <strong>of</strong> the middle and lower income inhalant users: 13.8 years, 17.1 years, and 17 years <strong>of</strong> age, respectively. It should be noted that these age differences were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.0004. In addition, those living in cities with populations <strong>of</strong> 100 to 500,000 inhabitants initiated inhalant use at an earlier age than users living in smaller towns or larger metropolitan areas. This age difference was found to be statistically significant at the p < 0.000001 (table 11). 88
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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