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Carlini, E.A.; Carlini-Cotrim, B.; Silva-Filho, A.R.; and Barbosa, M.T.S. II Levantamento <strong>National</strong> sobre o Uso de Psicotrópicos em Estudantes de 1° e 2° Graus, Ano 1989. São Paulo: CEBRID/EPM, 1990. Carlini-Cotrim, B. “A Escola e as Drogas—o ‘Brasil No Contexto Intemacional.“’ Ph.D. diss., Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 1992. Carlini-Cotrim, B., and Carlini, E.A. The use <strong>of</strong> solvents and other drugs among children and adolescents from a low socioeconomic background: A study in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Addict 23(11):1145- 1156, 1988a. Carlini-Cotrim, B., and Carlini, E.A. The use <strong>of</strong> solvents and other drugs among hopeless and destitute children living in the city streets <strong>of</strong> São Paulo, Brazil. Soc Pharmacol 2(1):51-62, 1988b. Carlini-Cotrim, B., and Carvalho, V.A. Extracurricular activities: Are they an effective strategy against drug consumption? J Drug Educ 23(1):97-104, 1993. Cohen, S. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse: An overview <strong>of</strong> the problem. In: Sharp, C.W. and Brehm, M.L., eds. Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong>: Euphoria to Dysfunction. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 15. DHEW Pub. No. (ADM)77-553. Washington DC: Supt <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. pp. 2-11. Fishbume, P.; Abelson, H.; and Cisin, I. <strong>National</strong> Survey on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>: Main Findings, 1979. Rockville, MD: <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, 1980. Forster, L.M.K.; Barros, H.M.T.; Tannhauser, S.L.; and Tannhauser, M. Meninos de rua: Relação entre abuso de drogas e atividades ilícitas. Rev ABP-APAL 14(3):115-120, 1992. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Crianças e Adolescentes—Indicadores Sociais. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE/UNICEF, 1987. Lopes, C. As toxicomanias no Rio de Janeiro. Arch Bras Neuriatr Psiquiatr 6: 130- 136, 1924. Lopes, C. Prophylaxia social das toxicomanias. Arch Bras Hyg Ment 7:117-129, 1925. Neves-Manta, I. L. Razão psicopatógena da toxicomania. Bol Acad Nac Med 128:260-265, 1956. 77
Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and Beauvais, F. Social and psychological factors underlying inhalant abuse. In: Crider, R.A., and Rouse, B.A., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88- 1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 172-203. Parreiras, D. Recenseamento de toxicômanos no Brasil, em 1962. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Comissão <strong>National</strong> de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes, 1965. Rosemberg, F. A concepçao de familia subjacente a programas para criancas e adolescentes em situacao de rua. In: Abuso de Drogas Entre Meninos e Meninas de Rua No Brasil. São Paulo: CEBRID/EPM/ UNFDAC, 1990. Silva-Filho, A.R.; Carlini-Cotrim, B.; and Carlini, E.A. Uso de psicotrópicos por meninos de rua. Comparação entre dados coletados em 1987 e 1989. In: Abuso de Drogas Entre Meninos e Meninas de Rua No Brasil. São Paulo: CEBRID/EPM/UNFDAC, 1990. Watson, J.M. Solvent abuse by children and young males: A review. Br J Addict 75:27-36, 1980. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper was prepared with the support from CNPq, Brazil and CEBRID. AUTHOR Beatriz Carlini-Cotrim, Ph.D. Researcher Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas Departamento de Psicobiologia Escola Paulista de Medicina São Paulo, Brazil and Postdoctoral Fellow Social and Behavioral Sciences Department School <strong>of</strong> Public Health Boston University 85 East Newton Street Boston, MA 02118-2389 78
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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