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Sharp, C.W.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 129. NIH Publication No. 93-3480. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. Smart, R.G. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use and abuse in Canada. In: Crider, R.A., and Rouse, B.A., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 121-139. Tobler, N.S. Meta-analysis <strong>of</strong> 143 adolescent drug prevention programs: Quantitative outcome results <strong>of</strong> program participants compared to a control or comparison group. J Drug Issues 16(4):537-567, 1986. Watson, J.M. The national response. In: SOLVENT ABUSE: The Adolescent Epidemic? Wolfeboro, NH: Croom Helm, 1986. pp. 184-203. AUTHOR Henrick J. Harwood Lewin-VHI, Inc. 9302 Lee Highway, Suite 500 Fairfax, VA 22031-1207 303
Recommendations and Conclusions Zili Sloboda, Nicholas Kozel, and Mario De La Rosa This monograph underscores the urgent need for national and crossnational research to understand more comprehensively the patterns and trends, incidence and prevalence, etiology, resiliency and vulnerability factors, and social and health consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and abuse in the world community. The findings presented in this volume document the endemic and global nature <strong>of</strong> this problem, and current research has demonstrated the severity <strong>of</strong> the medical consequences associated with the different classes <strong>of</strong> solvents and nitrites. At the same time, little systematic information exists in such vital areas as deaths associated with inhalant use from medical examiners or medical emergencies due to the use and abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants. There is a need to develop surveillance systems in different parts <strong>of</strong> the world that can collect data on the health and social consequences associated with inhalant use and to begin efforts to establish comparability <strong>of</strong> findings. Natural history studies that can provide detailed information on the impact <strong>of</strong> inhalant use upon the physical and psychological well-being <strong>of</strong> users also are needed. Similarly, information on the extent <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and abuse in many countries <strong>of</strong> the world also is needed. General population surveys and studies that collect comprehensive information on the prevalence and patterns <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and abuse to determine the severity and extent <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use are needed. Concomitantly, ethnographic studies are needed to determine the extent and severity <strong>of</strong> inhalant use among special population groups such as street children, school dropouts, children who enter the work force at an early age, females <strong>of</strong> childbearing age, Native-American populations, and other hidden populations. Additionally, a rapid data system modeled after the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> (NIDA) Community <strong>Epidemiology</strong> Work Group could serve to collect information on the changing patterns <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and consequences associated with the use <strong>of</strong> the various classes <strong>of</strong> inhalants. There also is a need for research to investigate the underlying factors responsible for inhalant use among individuals who are at high risk <strong>of</strong> using inhalants. Such research should explore individual vulnerability to 304
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
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Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
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Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
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Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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