Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 7. Age at first use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among student population. Age group Average age <strong>of</strong> first use 1 l-12 10.3 13-14 11.2 15-16 12.6 17-18 13.5 Students overwhelmingly use glues, with 76 percent preferring to use thokal, a specific glue product in Peru. Sixteen percent use gasoline, and 6 percent inhale thinners. Other studies that focus on specific population groups such as that <strong>of</strong> street children suggest a picture much different from that found with the <strong>National</strong> Household or school-based surveys mentioned in this chapter: A study conducted by Lock (1989), in which data were collected on a sample <strong>of</strong> children in juvenile detention centers, found that 38.7 percent <strong>of</strong> the juveniles tested positive for inhalant use. Another study by Claux and Villanueva (unpublished manuscript) on a cohort <strong>of</strong> 154 street children found that 25.3 percent <strong>of</strong> these youths reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> inhalants. Similarly, an ethnography study conducted by Ferrando (unpublished manuscript) with street children in the cities <strong>of</strong> Tarapoto and Tingo Maria found high rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. The lifetime rate <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse for children living in Tingo Maria was 49 percent and 37.5 percent for those living in Tarapoto. These rates <strong>of</strong> use <strong>of</strong> inhalants by youths were exceeded only by alcohol consumption rates. Further, data from information collected by field workers conducting a census <strong>of</strong> street children in Peru indicate that about 16 percent <strong>of</strong> these children were heavy inhalant users. It appears that there are even higher inhalant abuse rates among children living on the streets, a much more vulnerable population than children working in the street but living at home. According to social workers 199
working with children living in the streets, almost 100 percent used inhalants on a daily basis (Zuchetti and Ordonez, personal communication, June 1993). Anecdotal observations made by street workers suggest that the primary reason that children use inhalants is to seek a sense <strong>of</strong> identification with each other, “to feel that they belong to a group.” Many <strong>of</strong> these children usually cease inhalant use once they leave the street and return to their families or are sent to juvenile detention centers (Lucchini 1991). Clearly, the data reported by these studies suggest that the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use is much higher among certain vulnerable populations in Perú. Although these findings are based on small nonrepresentative samples <strong>of</strong> youth, they suggest that Peru does have a serious inhalant use problem. For many <strong>of</strong> the high-risk populations, it is apparent that inhalants seem to be the drug <strong>of</strong> choice. PERÚ'S RESPONSE TO THE INHALANT ABUSE PROBLEM Peru’s main concern with drug use focuses on the use <strong>of</strong> cocaine and its health consequences. The findings from recent public opinion surveys among both the general and student populations on the use <strong>of</strong> drugs, as shown in table 8, suggest that inhalant use is not considered to be a serious problem (Ferrando 1988, 1989, 1991b, 1993; Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> 1993). Other drugs such as coca paste, alcohol, and marijuana were considered to be more widely used. Given the opinion <strong>of</strong> Peruvians toward the consumption <strong>of</strong> inhalants, it is not surprising that the Government and private sector have done little to address this problem. Currently, there is no legislation that addresses the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse in Peru, and prevention education programs targeting inhalant abusers are nonexistent (Lemer 1991). SUMMARY In Perú, the prevalence and consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse appear to be low in the general population and high among marginalized children. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use ranks third in lifetime prevalence after alcohol and tobacco. Most <strong>of</strong> the use appears to be infrequent. 200
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 155 and 156: TABLE 5. National
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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