Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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eported a 2-percent rate among 16- to 34-year-olds. These data (table 6) are highly variable and were collected in many different ways for many purposes; therefore, results range from less than 1 percent to 12 percent. The data from Balding (1989, 1993) probably are reliable although not representative <strong>of</strong> the country as a whole. LOCAL VSA STATISTICS Some recent surveys <strong>of</strong> local populations are summarized in table 7. They mostly show “ever used” VSA rates <strong>of</strong> 3-10 percent with the number <strong>of</strong> males and females roughly equal; current use is low, probably about 1 percent. Stuart (1986) surveyed 1,729 children in 13 schools in the Macclesfield Health Authority area and reported 1 percent experimentation by age 11, 4 percent by age 12, 8 percent by age 13, 12 percent by age 14, 9 percent by age 15, and 5 percent by age 16, which resembles the age pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> the mortality data. Pritchard and Cox (1990) repeated a questionnaire survey in schools in an area <strong>of</strong> Boumemouth and Southampton with a high proportion <strong>of</strong> socioeconomic deprivation and found 8-percent use in 1989 (3 percent VSA alone, 5 percent with other drugs), 5 percent in 1986, and 4 percent in 1985. Sixty-four percent <strong>of</strong> users in 1989 were male. Ellis and colleagues (1988) in Pontefract in 1988 found 4.5 percent drug and solvent users (1.5 percent solvent only) in a survey <strong>of</strong> 1,882 14- to 15-year-old school children. However, 24 percent <strong>of</strong> the children were absent due to industrial relations disputes waged by teachers. Three studies (Foley and Todhunter 1992; Shetland Health Board 1992; Stalybridge Drugs Education Project 1989) reported experimentation with alkyl nitrites <strong>of</strong> 15-16 percent, 9 percent, and 5 percent, respectively. These levels, if accurate, are reasons for concern. These disparate “snapshots” taken in one area at one time are very difficult to interpret, particularly when the problem is known to be sporadic in nature (O’Bryan 1989). SELECTED POPULATIONS Parker and colleagues (1988) carried out a multiagency survey in Bristol from 1984 to 1985 in which they found 759 problem drug users aged 10-44; 17 percent had problems associated with VSA. Jacobs and Ghodse (1988) found 43 percent <strong>of</strong> 47 consecutive admissions to a West London Secure Unit used “solvents.” Sixty percent <strong>of</strong> the abusers inhaled 227
TABLE 7. Local surveys giving information on prevalence <strong>of</strong> VSA in the United Kingdom. Survey Type Place Year N Questor (1992), for Yorkshire Health Authority Thomas (1991), for Drug Concern Ever used West Yorkshire 1992 1481 8-18 Questionnaire Croydon 1991 280 Shetland Health Board (1992) Questionnaire Shetland 1992(?) 968 11-17 Oldham Metropolitan Exeter Borough (1990) questionnaire Pritchard & Cox (1990) Mid Glamorgan Crime Prevention Unit (1992) Oldham 1990 884 13-15 Age range % VSA (yrs) & sex M=F 11% at 16 10% at 14-15 58% at 17-18 Not 20% ever used known 2.5% current users 5% sniffed glue 9% amyl nitrite 3%M 6%F School Boumemouth 8% 1989 questionnaire repeat <strong>of</strong> 1985 & Southampton 1985 & 1989 934 14-16 64% M 36% F 5% 1986 & 1986 inner city 4% 1985 Questionnaire Mid Glamorgan 1991 13,437 13-18 12%M=F 3% past week
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231: TABLE 6. National
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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