Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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y its nature, is focused on problems and obstacles. Yet, when confronted with a solvent-abusing adolescent with multiple problems, it is essential to find and build on the existing strengths. These strengths may be family support, caring for friends, artistic skills, or writing or musical ability. It sometimes is helpful to reframe negative behavior into a strength so that there are blocks on which to build other strengths. It is clear that those willing to provide treatment <strong>of</strong> solvent abusers must be prepared to work with individuals who have a greater breadth and depth <strong>of</strong> personal and social problems. Providers must acknowledge that volatile solvent-abusing patients are not hopeless, although it is important to keep treatment expectations realistic. Inpatient treatment must include an extended period <strong>of</strong> detoxification or treatment readiness before initiating specific therapeutic interventions. In fact, effective treatment can be expected to be long term, possibly even up to 2 years. Certainly this sounds like an expensive endeavor; however, the cost <strong>of</strong> volatile solvent abuse treatment must be weighed against further costs for this population and the public, including incarceration, medical expenses, and welfare support (Jumper-Thurman and Beauvais 1992). CONCLUSION What is presented here is only a beginning. There are a multitude <strong>of</strong> questions that need to be answered, and extensive and specific treatment protocols need to be developed. Other research directions include: 1. Ethnographic studies <strong>of</strong> users to identify patterns <strong>of</strong> use and the factors related to the transition to chronic and solitary use; 2. Identification and scientific study <strong>of</strong> certain therapeutic approaches that might be effective and appropriate for volatile solvent abusers; 3. A cost-benefit analysis <strong>of</strong> volatile solvent treatment; and 4. Additional research on types <strong>of</strong> interventions that can be used to treat solvent abusers effectively in an outpatient setting. It is imperative to support additional research and further collaboration with service providers for development <strong>of</strong> successful treatment strategies for this unique population. 257
REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and psychological characteristics <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers. In: Arif, A.E.; Grant, M.; and Navaratnam, V., eds. <strong>Abuse</strong> <strong>of</strong> Volatile Solvents and <strong>Inhalant</strong>s: Papers presented at W.H.O. Advisory Meeting. Monograph 1. Minden, Palau Pinang, Malaysia: Centre for Drug Research, 1986. pp. 205-226. Dole, V., and Nyswander, M.A. A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction. JAMA L93:646-650, 1965. Hormes, J.T.; Filley, CM.; and Rosenberg, N.L. Neurologic sequelae <strong>of</strong> chronic solvent vapor abuse. Neurology 36(5):698-702, 1986. Jumper-Thurman, P., and Beauvais, F. Treatment <strong>of</strong> volatile solvent abusers. In: Sharp, C.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Monograph 129. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)93-3475. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. Jumper-Thurman, P., and Plested, B. <strong>Inhalant</strong> Treatment Manual. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University, Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research. Manuscript submitted for publication. Nicholi, A.M. The inhalants: An overview. Psychosomatics 24:914-921, 1983. Oetting, E.R., and Beauvais, F. Peer cluster theory: Drugs and the adolescent. J Couns Dev 65(1):17-22, 1986. Oetting, E.R., and Webb, J. Psychosocial characteristics and their links with inhalant use: A research agenda. In: Sharp, C.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Monograph 129. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)93-3475. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. Rodriguez, M.E. Treatment <strong>of</strong> cocaine abuse: Medical and psychiatric consequences. In: Redda, K.K.; Walker, C.A.; and Barrett, G., eds. Cocaine, Marijuana, Designer Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Behavior. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1989. pp. 97-111. Rosenberg, N.L., and Sharp, C.W. Solvent toxicity: A neurological focus, In: Sharp, C.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Monograph 129. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)93-3475. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. 258
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
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Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
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Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
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Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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