Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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The highest rates for the previous 12 months were observed in Baja California, Mexico City, and States surrounding the capital (figure 1). Compared to rates reported by Johnston and colleagues (1993), for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students in the United States, rates in Mexico are lower. In the latter, rates <strong>of</strong> lifetime use varied from 3 to 4 percent, while in the United States rates were 4 times higher, varying from 16 to 17 percent. Nevertheless, when only daily use is considered, rates in Mexico for grades 10 and 12 are slightly higher: 0.26 percent and 0.1 percent, as compared to 0.1 percent in the United States. In Mexico, inhalants also are the drug <strong>of</strong> choice <strong>of</strong> children working on the streets and among delinquent minors. In the capital city, epidemiological surveys conducted among minors (i.e., persons under 18 years <strong>of</strong> age), working on the streets in an area to the south <strong>of</strong> the city showed considerably higher rates <strong>of</strong> use than the ones observed among students and in household surveys. Twenty-seven percent <strong>of</strong> the children in the sample reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> solvent inhalants, with 22 percent reporting daily use. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> marijuana was reported by 10 percent and daily use by 1.5 percent <strong>of</strong> the children interviewed. No other drugs were reported. School dropout and lack <strong>of</strong> contact with the family were strong predictors <strong>of</strong> drug use (Medina-Mora et al. 1982). De La Garza replicated this study in Monterrey and found that the incidence <strong>of</strong> drug use among minors working in the streets was quite low, but a high proportion <strong>of</strong> solvent users was found in poor communities (De La Garza et al. 1987). In Tamaulipas, the same author conducted a study among delinquent minors under 14 years <strong>of</strong> age and found that 42 percent <strong>of</strong> the minors who were institutionalized at the time <strong>of</strong> the study (N = 158) had used illicit drugs. Alcohol was the drug most commonly used (41 percent <strong>of</strong> the total users), followed by inhalants (27 percent), tobacco (17 percent), marijuana (14 percent), and psychotropics (1 percent) (De La Garza et al. 1987). A study, coordinated by the Government <strong>of</strong> the City <strong>of</strong> Mexico, (Departamento del Distrito Federal 1992) reported that 22 percent <strong>of</strong> the minors interviewed admitted having friends who use marijuana and pills—8.5 percent admitted using these types <strong>of</strong> drugs, and 14.7 percent were inhalers. This study identified a greater number <strong>of</strong> female users (28 percent) than was observed in previous studies. In a previous study conducted in the early 1980s, only 5 percent <strong>of</strong> the street children were female, and none <strong>of</strong> them were inhalers. (Medina-Mora et al. 1982). 145
FIGURE 1. <strong>National</strong> School Survey: <strong>Inhalant</strong>s, last 12 months’ use. PATTERNS AND TRENDS Two patterns <strong>of</strong> use have been observed: (1) experimentation among students, in which users may try the drug only once or twice (61 percent <strong>of</strong> ever users), including those who stop after experimenting up to 5 times (19 percent), and (2) regular users (17 percent). Among minors working in the streets, regular use is common with few exceptions. Either they use regularly, several times a day, or do not use at all, with periods <strong>of</strong> use and abstinence (Ortiz et al. 1988). Data from the household (Medina-Mora et al. 1989) and school surveys (Castro et al. 1986; Medina-Mora et al. 1992; De La Sema et al. 1991) suggest an increasing trend in the number <strong>of</strong> users <strong>of</strong> inhalants. Between 1974 and 1988, rates <strong>of</strong> lifetime use among the general population between 14 and 65 years <strong>of</strong> age increased from 0.4 to 0.7 percent. Prior to 1980, inhalants were a drug group <strong>of</strong> preference in Mexico City, second only to marijuana, among students attending schools located in low socioeconomic areas. However, by 1980, it had extended to other groups until the same percentage <strong>of</strong> use was observed in schools <strong>of</strong> high, medium, and low socioeconomic status (SES). In 1976, the percentage <strong>of</strong> lifetime use <strong>of</strong> inhalants in Mexico City was 0.85 percent. It increased significantly in 1978 to 5.6 percent, and by this year it became more popular than marijuana and has occupied this place since then (Castro et al. 1980; De La Sema et al. 1989; Medina-Mora et al. 1993). The use <strong>of</strong> inhalants has remained stable through 1992, when rates <strong>of</strong> lifetime use increased significantly beyond the confidence intervals <strong>of</strong> the sample, 146
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
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Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 149: TABLE 3. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
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Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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