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FIGURE 10. United Kingdom VSA-related deaths: Place where substances abused. occurred in circumstances where one might have expected some form <strong>of</strong> supervision. Almost all were dead before arrival at the hospital. PREVALENCE OF VSA IN THE UNITED KINGDOM There is no systematic data collection mechanism in the United Kingdom equivalent to the United States’ <strong>National</strong> Household Survey on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> or the Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Warning Network. In 1993, the ISDD published the third <strong>National</strong> Audit <strong>of</strong> Drug Misuse in Britain (<strong>Institute</strong> for the Study <strong>of</strong> Drug Dependence 1993). To quote the introduction: “Strong public and <strong>of</strong>ficial concern over the use <strong>of</strong> these substances (drugs <strong>of</strong> abuse) is not matched by a system capable <strong>of</strong> effectively monitoring how concerned we should be—how big the problem is. Instead, it is a case <strong>of</strong> divining a pattern in mismatched bits <strong>of</strong> information from various and disparate sources.” Although a General Household Survey is conducted in the United Kingdom on a continuous basis, it asks only about tobacco and alcohol use. The OPCS estimated that a sample <strong>of</strong> around 20,000 people aged 11 and over would be required to survey drug use nationally, but this has not been attempted (Goddard 1987). Consequently, no systematic longitudinal data are available but only a series <strong>of</strong> surveys, mostly local and using nonstandardized methods. 223
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <strong>of</strong>ficial United Kingdom drug misuse statistics available are from notifications to the Home Office <strong>of</strong> opiate and cocaine addicts seen by doctors (Home Office 1992), as well as convictions and seizure data from law enforcement agencies (Home Office Research and Statistics Department 1991). Neither <strong>of</strong> these is relevant to VSA. There are some ad hoc national surveys, such as the 1982 British Crime Survey (Anonymous 1982), which consisted <strong>of</strong> face-to-face interviews conducted in the home with 16,000 people aged 16 and over. This was repeated in 1984, with a revised protocol that did not include VSA. Table 6 presents prevalence rates for VSA from several surveys: In 1992, a survey <strong>of</strong> 625 youngsters aged 15-24 (Gallup 1992) reported a prevalence <strong>of</strong> VSA <strong>of</strong> 4-10 percent. In 1990, a household survey <strong>of</strong> 4,436 people aged 16-19 (Market and Opinion Research International 1992) reported 4 percent prevalence <strong>of</strong> VSA for males and 2 percent for females. A school-based survey <strong>of</strong> 9- to 15-year-olds (Market and Opinion Research International 1989) gave a 3-percent VSA rate for males and 1 percent for females; analysis by age showed no clear pattern, but boys rated consistently higher than girls. The rate among Asians was highest at 3 percent, with 2 percent for Caucasians and 1 percent for Afro-Caribbeans. Surveys at the homes <strong>of</strong> 13- to 20-year-olds, carried out as part <strong>of</strong> an evaluation <strong>of</strong> Government health education campaigns, found less than 1 percent VSA (RBL 1989), but these surveys may have produced low results because they are thought to have been carried out when a parent was present. The comprehensive questionnaire-based studies <strong>of</strong> Balding (1993) on health and behavior <strong>of</strong> young people (18,407 people in 1988) are nonrepresentative <strong>of</strong> the general population, as schools elect to take part. Nevertheless, Balding (1993) reported 2 percent VSA in children aged 12-13, 6 percent in children aged 14-15, and 8 percent in children aged 15-16, with equal numbers <strong>of</strong> males and females. In an earlier survey, <strong>of</strong> 28,413 youngsters between 11 and 19 years <strong>of</strong> age, Balding (1989) reported 1.7 percent males and 2.1 percent females; and in a 1987 study <strong>of</strong> 15,071, Balding (1988) reported 1.5 percent total, with 2.5 percent <strong>of</strong> girls and 1.6 percent <strong>of</strong> boys in their fourth and fifth years <strong>of</strong> secondary education claiming to have used solvents. Coggans (1991), in a study <strong>of</strong> 1,200 pupils aged 13-16 in Scotland, reported 12 percent VSA in 1988. Audience Selection (1985) conducted a telephone survey and 224
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
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Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 225 and 226: FIGURE 6. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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