Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 5. Parents. SOURCE: Budapest Drug Outpatient Clinic, Hungary (unpublished data, 1992). GYOR-SOPRON-MOSON COUNTY, GYOR CITY The county <strong>of</strong> Gyor-Sopron-Moson is in the northwest part <strong>of</strong> Hungary, bordering on Austria and the Slovak Republic. It is more developed and industrialized than the eastern counties. Its population is over 330,000. Its largest city, Gyor, has 150,000 inhabitants. The county hospital, found in Gyor city, serves over two-thirds <strong>of</strong> the population <strong>of</strong> the county. A review <strong>of</strong> admissions to the detoxification unit for the period <strong>of</strong> 1975 to 1992 resulted in only 17 cases <strong>of</strong> inhalant intoxication. These cases were admitted during 1981 and 1982, and one individual was admitted in 1993. They were all males. Before and after those two years (1981 and 1982). no intoxicated inhalant user was admitted to the unit. The average number <strong>of</strong> annual admissions is currently about 400. These mainly were alcohol intoxications and overdoses <strong>of</strong> prescription drugs. At the psychiatric unit <strong>of</strong> the hospital during this same period (1981 and 1982), 34 individuals were treated for inhalant use or its consequences: 33 males and 1 female. Medical records indicate that the average age at admission was 15.7 years and that the first experience with an inhalant was reported at an average age <strong>of</strong> 15.4 years. All used a glue product 111
(with the main psychoactive component being toluene), accompanied in one case with alcohol and in another case with a prescription drug. Of the 33 users, 40 percent were still in school, 17 percent were dropouts, 27 percent were unskilled, and 10 percent were skilled workers. Thirty percent had no pr<strong>of</strong>ession and were unemployed; one person was on a disability pension. These inhalant users had multiple admissions to the psychiatric unit (56 individual admissions). Their average length <strong>of</strong> hospital stay was 7.6 days. Of the 33, two were diagnosed as schizophrenics (ICD 9) and experienced longer hospitalizations. Thirty percent <strong>of</strong> the inhalant user group attempted suicide, one patient having died by hanging during his treatment (one <strong>of</strong> the schizophrenics). Forty-three percent had been arrested. These arrests mainly involved petty thefts, but rape and assault were involved in two cases. Ninety-seven percent were brought up in a family environment, and the rest were in foster care. Nineteen percent had lost one <strong>of</strong> their parents, 25 percent had at least one alcoholic in his or her family, 3 percent had a parent who had been a psychiatric patient, 10 percent had a criminal in the family, and 43 percent came from broken homes (figure 6). A personality test (i.e., Rorschach) was given to 54 percent <strong>of</strong> the subjects, and several personality traits could be identified. The tests showed personalities that do not take responsibility, hide from conflicts, have serious identification problems, have dilemmas with separation and bonding, have failure-determined attitudes with affective explosiveness, have high aggressive tension, and are susceptible to influence. The demonstrated behaviors hide loneliness. Individuals with these types <strong>of</strong> personality tend to daydream intensively, and the joy-seeking behavior makes them vulnerable to deviances (e.g., alcoholism, drug abuse). The two schizophrenics were diagnosed at first admission and were retested 2 years later. Neither exhibited psychotic signs other than potential suicide on the first test. The intelligence test showed a higher performance IQ in this group than in other drug-using subjects or in nonusers, corresponding with Creson’s findings (1992). No dementia was found. In the city <strong>of</strong> Gyor, the Crisis and Drug Outpatient Clinic was opened in the fall <strong>of</strong> 1991. No inhalant user has been admitted from the community. To obtain a more complete assessment <strong>of</strong> substance use among adolescents in Hungary, this clinic participated in a collaborative 112
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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