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Members Bill that became the Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act <strong>of</strong> 1985. Under this act: It is an <strong>of</strong>fense for a person to supply or <strong>of</strong>fer to supply a substance other than a controlled drug: a. To a person under the age <strong>of</strong> 18 whom he knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be under that age; or, b. To a person: (i) who is acting on behalf <strong>of</strong> a person under that age: and (ii) whom he knows, or has reasonable cause to believe to be so acting if he knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the substance is or its fumes are likely to be inhaled by the person under the age <strong>of</strong> 18 for the purpose <strong>of</strong> intoxication. Conviction carries a penalty <strong>of</strong> up to 6 months imprisonment or a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, presently 5,000, or both. Under Scottish common law, the courts have imposed fines <strong>of</strong> 12,000 and prison sentences <strong>of</strong> 2 years for knowingly supplying substances to young people for VSA. CIVIL LAW Despite the large mortality rate, there are neither instances where legal redress has been sought against a manufacturer <strong>of</strong> an abused product in the United Kingdom nor any out-<strong>of</strong>-court settlements. However, it is probable that industry tries to minimize publicity in this area. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT The initial response in the early 1980s to this problem in the United Kingdom was low key because <strong>of</strong> the fear that inappropriate publicity would arouse curiosity and be counterproductive. Many thought the 237
problem would go away like other teenage fads. In 1988, at the suggestion <strong>of</strong> BAMA, a repeat <strong>of</strong> the 1983 meeting was held at Guy’s Hospital to assess the efficacy <strong>of</strong> the approaches recommended at the previous meeting (Flanagan et al. 1989). The second meeting concluded that further restrictions on the sale <strong>of</strong> abused products was unlikely to be practical and that a broad-based educational strategy in schools <strong>of</strong>fered the best hope to limit the problem. Johns (1991) in an editorial commented that the 1,000 recorded deaths should be sufficient to get VSA back on the national drug abuse agenda. Faced with evidence <strong>of</strong> increasing mortality, the Government became more proactive; 1992 was a general election year, and Britain held the presidency <strong>of</strong> the European Community between July and December. During this period, the United Kingdom hosted the first European Drug Prevention Week (EDPW). In February, the United Kingdom Department <strong>of</strong> Health commissioned a national television advertising campaign to publicize the availability <strong>of</strong> a leaflet titled “Solvents: A Parent’s Guide,” which gave information on the nature <strong>of</strong> VSA, what to look for, and where to seek help and advice. About 700,000 <strong>of</strong> these leaflets were distributed during the campaign and a further 2,900,000 during EDPW. FREEPOST and a toll-free telephone service handled requests, and they also were made available from doctors’ surgeries, libraries, and community pharmacies. The total cost <strong>of</strong> the project was 2.4M, and an evaluation <strong>of</strong> the campaign was undertaken by Research International (1992). In October 1992, the United Kingdom Department <strong>of</strong> Health ran a pilot campaign designed to compare the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> different direct distribution methods for a shorter leaflet, “Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong>—Every Parents Guide.” Magazine inserts and household delivery with and without the support <strong>of</strong> television advertising were evaluated, and the results were published (Research International 1992). In 1993, the United Kingdom Home Office Advisory Council on the Misuse <strong>of</strong> Drugs published the report <strong>of</strong> its Prevention Working Party, “Drug Education in Schools: The Need for a New Impetus” (Advisory Council on the Misuse <strong>of</strong> Drugs 1993). The report called for: High-quality classroom drug education on a national scale; Partnerships between pupils, teachers, parents, governors, and the community to tackle drug misuse; 238
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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