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TABLE 4. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use among 11-to 19-year-olds (values in percentages). KEY: NA = not available. NOTE: This table contains data from two separate studies in 1988. SOURCE: Ferrando (1990, 1991a, 1992); Jutkowitz et al. (1987). <strong>Inhalant</strong>s are the only psychoactive substances for which lifetime prevalence has an inverse relation to age. Peak use occurred among 13- and 14-year-olds in this survey, and it was lower for older teenagers (table 6). <strong>Inhalant</strong> use was found to be more prevalent in the highlands (sierra), where 4.4 percent <strong>of</strong> the population has used inhalants at least once in their lives. Nonetheless, half <strong>of</strong> lifetime inhalant users reside in Lima. This is a new trend because, in the Andean region, the only drug more prevalent at the national level is coca leaf (chewing it has been a cultural tradition for many centuries). <strong>Inhalant</strong>s as a class <strong>of</strong> drugs have the lowest initiation age <strong>of</strong> all psychoactive substances—median age is 11.8 years—with a clear tendency for the youngest groups to begin use earlier (see table 7). Most <strong>of</strong> the subjects who reported inhalant use in the 30 days prior to the survey had used inhalants less than 3 days out <strong>of</strong> 30. Three percent <strong>of</strong> inhalant users asserted that they had consumed on a daily basis, compared to 3.6 percent for marijuana, 9 percent for cocaine, and 13.3 percent for coca paste. Persons 15-16 years old have the highest level <strong>of</strong> daily use (10.7 percent <strong>of</strong> current users). 197
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and current use among a school population, 1992 (values in percentages). Substance Lifetime prevalence Current use Alcohol 57.4 28.3 Tobacco 39.3 22.2 Medicaments 1.1 0.5 Hallucinogens 0.3 0.1 <strong>Inhalant</strong>s 3.6 1.2 Marijuana 2.6 1.4 Coca paste 1.2 0.5 Cocaine hydrochloride 0.6 0.3 SOURCE: Ferrando (1992). The majority <strong>of</strong> those subjects who used inhalants frequently claimed to have consumed “small amounts” <strong>of</strong> the substance. On the other hand, few inhalant users have tried to stop their habit, and most inhalant users (88 percent) do not use other drugs. TABLE 6. Lifetime prevalence and current use among a student population (values in percentages). Age group Lifetime prevalence Current use 11-12 2.6 0.7 13-14 4.0 1.7 15-16 3.8 1 .0 17-18 2.8 1.1 SOURCE: Ferrando (1992). 198
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 155 and 156: TABLE 5. National
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
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Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
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Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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