Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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<strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>. Annual Emergency Room Data, 1991. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)92-1955. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services. Illicit Substance Use Among Adults in New York State’s Transient Population. New York: New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services, 1988. New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services. Drug and Other Substance Use Among School Children in New York State: Selected Findings. New York: New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services, 1991. New York State Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services. Management Report, 1992. Albany, NY: New York State Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services, 1993. AUTHOR Blanche Frank, Ph.D. Chief, Bureau <strong>of</strong> Applied Studies New York State Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services 55 West 125th Street New York, NY 10027 273
<strong>Inhalant</strong>s: A Policy Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Problem in the United States Henrick J. Harwood <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse has been an element <strong>of</strong> the drug abuse problem for more than 30 years. Attention to the problem, if not the nature and extent <strong>of</strong> the problem, has waxed and waned over this time as the public and media repeatedly take note <strong>of</strong> and then forget the problem <strong>of</strong> inhaling or sniffing products like glues, gasoline, paints and varnishes, assorted aerosolized products, and other products containing volatile aromatic constituents. The problem has been addressed sporadically by the Federal Government, but most <strong>of</strong> the effort and attention toward inhalants has been shown by State legislatures. This chapter summarizes the findings <strong>of</strong> a comprehensive study on the nature and extent <strong>of</strong> the problem and the alternative policy approaches that have been used to address inhalants in the United States (Harwood et al. 1993). The overall level <strong>of</strong> abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants appears to have been refractory to most initiatives undertaken to date, although there seems to have been some limited product-specific successes. There are four general policy approaches that can be, and have been to various extents, taken to address the problems <strong>of</strong> inhalants. These are: Change products; Restrict access to abusable products; Implement prevention efforts targeted at inhalant abuse; and Develop and deliver treatment for inhalant abuse. A discussion <strong>of</strong> the advantages and weaknesses <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> these strategies is found later in this chapter. In general, these policies can be characterized as product oriented (or supply reduction) and consumer oriented (demand reduction). Unfortunately, there has been virtually no attempt to systematically or rigorously evaluate the success <strong>of</strong> these alternative approaches at addressing inhalant abuse. Probably the strongest evidence <strong>of</strong> policy utility or futility is the finding that most policy initiatives aimed at products, producers, and retailers have not been enforced. It appears that product-oriented policies cannot be implemented or are not enforceable without significant expense. The situation with consumer-oriented or demand reduction policies is in some 274
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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FIGURE 6. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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