Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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likely that inhalant use is associated with poverty, prejudice, and lack <strong>of</strong> opportunity, no matter what ethnic group is involved. Although The American Drug and Alcohol Survey has been given to large numbers <strong>of</strong> students every year, the number <strong>of</strong> students surveyed in each <strong>of</strong> several minority groups in any given year is small. In order to get enough data on individual ethnic groups to make results stable, data have been combined over the 4-year period <strong>of</strong> 1988-1992 for presentation in table 5. As noted above and illustrated in figure 1, prevalence rates for inhalant use have been fairly stable over this period. The rates reported in table 5, therefore, should represent current rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use reasonably accurately. Rural versus Urban Differences in <strong>Inhalant</strong> Use The Monitoring the Future study (Johnston et al. 1992b) provides data on rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use in different-sized cities. Table 6 shows the results for high school seniors by city size in 1991. These data suggest that seniors in smaller towns might have slightly higher rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use than seniors in the largest cities, but the differences are not large. Peters and colleagues (1992) provide information that specifically looks at rural communities. They compared small towns with populations under 2,500 and larger rural communities with populations <strong>of</strong> 2,500- 10,000 with nonrural communities with populations up to about 400,000. The rural communities all were at least 30 miles from an urban center so as not to include suburban or big city, “bedroom” communities. The results <strong>of</strong> this comparison appear in table 7. The differences in inhalant use across these community sizes were not significant. About 20 to 30 years ago, drug use in rural communities probably was considerably lower than in urban areas, but those differences have declined in the past decade. There is some evidence that use <strong>of</strong> new drugs may start up in the largest cities, <strong>of</strong>ten on the East or West Coast, and spread from there—first to the larger inland cities, then to smaller communities. This spread has become so rapid, however, that by 1980 essentially every drug was available in even the most rural towns, and rural drug use in general was almost as high as that in the larger cities. Peters and colleagues (1992) stress that there is a great deal <strong>of</strong> variability among rural communities but, when data from similarly sized communities are combined, the average rates <strong>of</strong> use are much like those <strong>of</strong> other larger communities. 21
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and current use <strong>of</strong> inhalants by ethnicity (values in percentages). Ever tried Current use 8th grade 12th grade 8th grade 12th grade African American 11 6 3 Native American (nonreservation) Native American (reservation) Asian American Mexican American Puerto Rican Spanish American White American Other 20 15 8 34 20 15 10 7 3 22 13 8 19 16 6 23 15 8 15 12 5 21 15 15 SOURCE: The American Drug and Alcohol Survey (1988-92 aggregated data). Local Epidemics Use <strong>of</strong> most drugs changes very little from one year to the next or from one age cohort to the next. There are changes in drug use over time and across age cohorts, but differences are small and relatively consistent even within a single school. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use, however, seems to be more variable than the use 22 2 3 2 1 3 5 2 2 4
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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