Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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and those students and drug users who had never used inhalants. 6 A tendency also was observed for inhalant abusers to experience appetite loss and for users <strong>of</strong> other drugs to feel sad and depressed. According to the coroner’s <strong>of</strong>fice, solvents were involved in 4.5 percent <strong>of</strong> violent deaths that occurred in Mexico City in 1990, with a rate <strong>of</strong> 4 males per female. Forty-one percent <strong>of</strong> the 318 suicides registered in that same year were drug related. In 10 percent <strong>of</strong> all drug-related suicides, inhalants were involved. Drugs also were involved in 25 percent <strong>of</strong> the 948 sudden death cases. Among all drug-related sudden deaths, 14 percent were related to solvents. According to SISVEA, intoxication with inhalants was registered in 9.3 percent <strong>of</strong> traffic accidents, in 1.2 percent <strong>of</strong> fatal job-related accidents, in 13 percent <strong>of</strong> home accidents, and in 32 percent <strong>of</strong> street accidents (Secretaria de Salud 1992). PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION AND TREATMENT Prevention <strong>of</strong> drug use has been an interest <strong>of</strong> different institutions. The Centro de Integracion Juvenil (CIJ), a private organization with 24 years <strong>of</strong> experience in the field, has undertaken major responsibility. CIJ’s orientation mainly is educative, and the basic principles <strong>of</strong> their program are health oriented. The institution also provides primary preventive services to individuals ages 10 to 54 years at 4 stages in their lives: (1) childhood; (2) adolescence; (3) young adulthood/early parenthood; and (4) middle age/parenthood <strong>of</strong> teenagers, or adults who are in contact with teenagers through their <strong>of</strong>fspring or pr<strong>of</strong>ession (Cabrera et al. 1992). Other efforts have been undertaken by governmental organizations and NGOs. Though schools always have been subject to programs coordinated by health and justice sectors, it was not until the establishment <strong>of</strong> the CIJ that a unique program oriented toward value clarification and health promotion came into existence. Several institutions provide treatment for drug addicts in Mexico. The Social Welfare System has services and programs for drug addicts. Within the health system, hospitals, community health services, and emergency rooms provide treatment regulated by guidelines. These institutions usually are very busy attending to the health needs <strong>of</strong> a large population with scarce resources and no outreach programs. Drug addicts more <strong>of</strong>ten are treated in specialized centers and self-help groups. 163
The longest running institution, the CIJ, has been providing treatment for the last 24 years. The CIJ has 48 units distributed throughout the Mexican Republic, 2 <strong>of</strong> them for inpatients. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abusers are the most <strong>of</strong>ten treated clients after marijuana abusers. Many governmental organizations and NGOs throughout the country have become interested in providing services to people with drug problems. At least 50 organizations are registered with SINTRA. The government in Mexico City opened detoxification centers in 1990 that included followup and treatment for addicts; the centers are located in different strategic areas <strong>of</strong> the city. Traditionally, these services were provided in large trauma hospitals but, since the police investigate all admissions related to violence, addicts did not use these facilities. In 1991, the new facilities provided services to 708 drug users; 39 percent <strong>of</strong> them were inhalers. In 1992, 787 cases were admitted, 19 percent being inhalers. Self-help groups play an important role in the treatment <strong>of</strong> drug abuse problems. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) appeared as an alternative treatment for the Spanish-speaking population <strong>of</strong> the country in the late 1960s. It is estimated that, up to 1990, there were approximately 13,000 AA groups in Mexico, with an average <strong>of</strong> 22 members each. This represented a total <strong>of</strong> 286,000 AA members in the country. It is estimated that 5 in 1,000 Mexicans above 15 years <strong>of</strong> age are AA members, and it is believed that the rate <strong>of</strong> annual increase in membership is 10 percent (Rosovsky et al. 1992). A recent trend indicates an increase <strong>of</strong> young people becoming members, who, according to the older members, have not reached bottom. This increase coincided with an increase in the use <strong>of</strong> other substances. Rosovsky and colleagues (1992) found that 50 percent <strong>of</strong> a representative sample <strong>of</strong> registered groups in Mexico City also had used drugs other than alcohol and that 12 percent had used inhalants. Many drug addicts attended AA meetings either because they felt that alcohol was their main drug problem or because they felt comfortable in the group. The group is <strong>of</strong>ten selected in terms <strong>of</strong> age and sociocultural preferences. There has been a recent increase in alternatives related to the treatment <strong>of</strong> other addictions, such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA). In Mexico City, 11 groups are registered with NA; the average membership per group is 60 persons, and the most common drugs <strong>of</strong> abuse are inhalants and marijuana. 164
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 167: TABLE 10. National
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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