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TABLE 1. Drugs most used (lifetime prevalence). Author Marijuana Psic<strong>of</strong>árm Coca Chloro- <strong>Inhalant</strong>s Glue Thinner Gasoline Gasoline Alcohol Tobacco Hallu- Ampheta- Rohypnol paste hydrates + Thinner cinogens mines Rothetal. +(1) + + + + (unpub manu) ABC (1986) 36.69% 8.8% 38.63% 6.35% 7.54% Cruz Roja (1986) 36.25% 8.75% 12.56% CESE (1990. 25% 6% 60% 10% 6% 1991.1992) 18% 40% 16% 7% 4,800 10% 45% 25% atenclones c/añ0 Universidad Santa 25.63% 8.65% 19.02% 15.27% 5.76% Cruz (1991) CONAPRE (1992) LA PAZ (1993) abandoned children who use drugs CBBA (1993) abandoned children who use drugs SANTA CRUZ (1993) abandoned children who use drugs 2.67% 1.73% 2.08% 2.98% 40.50% 27.35% I 19% 1.57% 1O% 90% 100% 63% 2% 3% 3% 5.3% 100% 100% 5% 7.5% 3% 14% 10% 6.92% 45% 62% 20% KEY: + = Research indicates more consumption <strong>of</strong> this drug but does not report percentages. 5% 3%
(1986), collected data on the prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use in the general population. The other seven studies involved the collection <strong>of</strong> data on populations living in large urban areas. Since the ABC Communication survey, no data have been collected on inhalant use among Bolivians living in rural areas or small towns. Given the changes in drug-using behavior <strong>of</strong> Bolivians in the past 7 years, the lack <strong>of</strong> data on the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants in the general Bolivian population is a significant gap. Moreover, serious methodological problems exist in the majority <strong>of</strong> those studies that have collected data on inhalant use. The age <strong>of</strong> the respondents in three <strong>of</strong> the nine studies on inhalant use is unknown. Further, the questionnaires utilized in seven <strong>of</strong> the nine studies were not pretested to determine whether the questions on inhalant use were appropriate for the population under study. Many <strong>of</strong> the scales involved simple translation <strong>of</strong> drug abuse instruments from foreign countries without regard to cultural differences, which may affect the validity <strong>of</strong> the responses given by Bolivians. Other methodological problems found in these studies included the lack <strong>of</strong> information on the sample size and the procedures utilized to identify and select subjects to participate in the studies. Thus, it is no surprise that the findings from each <strong>of</strong> these studies resulted in different conclusions on the prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use in different parts <strong>of</strong> the country. Despite these serious methodological problems, the results from some <strong>of</strong> these studies, particularly those involving the collection <strong>of</strong> data among youth at risk <strong>of</strong> using inhalants, have provided important information on the extent <strong>of</strong> the inhalant use problem in Bolivia. The three studies conducted by Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes (CESE) in 1993 among children living in the streets (table 2) suggest a high lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use among these youth (Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, unpublished manuscript-a, unpublished manuscript-b, unpublished manuscript-c). Data collected from several communitybased organizations serving street children in the cities <strong>of</strong> La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz suggest that 100 percent <strong>of</strong> the youth interviewed in La Paz and Santa Cruz and 90 percent <strong>of</strong> the youth interviewed in Cochabamba used shoe polish. Additionally, 63 percent <strong>of</strong> the youth interviewed in La Paz reported using paint thinner. According to Baldivieso (1993), shoe polish, thinner, and gasoline are readily available and can be purchased with little money in each <strong>of</strong> the three cities. For example, a small container <strong>of</strong> shoe polish can be purchased for as little as 50 cents in each <strong>of</strong> the cities. 54
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57: Children working in the streets 280
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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