Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Regional Trends in Solvent Use Given the lack <strong>of</strong> valid prevalence data for all <strong>of</strong> the countries, the available information provides only some suggestive evidence <strong>of</strong> the inhalant abuse situation in each country. This analysis shows that the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse has emerged and has gradually increased in magnitude in most countries in the Asia and Pacific region over the last decade. Countries such as the Philippines, which have experienced this phenomenon for a comparatively longer time, still are observing an increasing trend in indicators <strong>of</strong> abuse. In some others such as Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Thailand, a stable trend has been observed. In Singapore, a significant decline was observed in the last 5 years. In the case <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, inhalant abuse has been taken note <strong>of</strong> only recently, and it is reported to be on the rise. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>rs Relatively little attention has been paid to the characteristics <strong>of</strong> volatile solvent abusers. Most studies have been limited to age, sex, and occupational category. This section highlights some <strong>of</strong> the common features <strong>of</strong> this specific group <strong>of</strong> abusers observed in countries in the region. Demographic Characteristics. It is clear that inhalant abusers are typically adolescents (between the ages <strong>of</strong> 13 and 17). In some countries, such as Australia, relatively high prevalence is reported among primary school students. Thus, experimentation with inhalants would have started even at a younger age. In New Zealand, the age <strong>of</strong> initiation into inhalant use usually is younger than 14 years <strong>of</strong> age. All countries reported that males predominate among inhalant abusers. The employment status <strong>of</strong> these abusers varies somewhat between countries. School students form a sizeable proportion (one-quarter to one-third <strong>of</strong> total abusers) in most countries. In New Zealand and Brunei Darussalam, students are the major group. Social and Psychological Factors. Several social characteristics <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers appear to be important. In New South Wales, Australia, abuse <strong>of</strong> these substances was found to be higher among students who are 45
truant, who have money, and who are unaware <strong>of</strong> the harmful effects <strong>of</strong> inhalants. In several countries, sniffing was most common among those who were neglected by their families and when drug use also was present in the family. Boredom, peer influence, curiosity, and lack <strong>of</strong> discipline were other factors identified as associated with inhalant abuse. A study on the psychological pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers in the Philippines showed that they were highly emotional and have a strong need for acceptance, affection, and trust. They also had low self-esteem. Pattern <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> Use. Among the reasons for inhalant abuse are the easy availability, easy accessibility, and affordable price <strong>of</strong> various substances. The quick-high effect is another attractive factor. The pattern <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse appears to differ between the countries. For example, in Australia and Brunei Darussalam, inhalant abuse mainly is experimental and transitional, and it lasts for a short duration. This is in contrast with the Philippines and Thailand, where use and abuse usually are <strong>of</strong> an ongoing and compulsive nature. This difference, if valid, will provide an indicator <strong>of</strong> the severity <strong>of</strong> the problem in some countries in the region. However, since the sources <strong>of</strong> information and study population are varied, this observation is nonconclusive. In most countries, a sizeable proportion <strong>of</strong> experimenters would progress to become regular users <strong>of</strong> these substances. In some instances, inhalant abuse was found to precede other forms <strong>of</strong> drug use. Polydrug use also is a common feature among inhalant users in some countries (e.g., the Philippines and New Zealand). In summary, evidence from the various countries in the region shows that inhalant abuse typically begins in late childhood and early adolescence. In a majority <strong>of</strong> cases, use is experimental and short lived. Heavy patterns <strong>of</strong> abuse are found among a minority <strong>of</strong> cases. Glue containing toluene is the most common inhalant abused in most <strong>of</strong> the countries. There is a wide range <strong>of</strong> other volatile substances that are used, including gasoline, thinner, adhesive, and varnish. Social and Health Consequences <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong> Only five <strong>of</strong> the nine countries examined here have some information on adverse health consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. There have been numerous deaths attributed to inhalant toxicity during the last 15 to 20 years. Some <strong>of</strong> the substances involved in these deaths include gasoline, 46
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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