Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 2. Relative consequences <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and inhalants for 1990. OVERVIEW OF POLICY OPTIONS There are a number <strong>of</strong> alternative but not mutually exclusive policy approaches to addressing inhalant abuse. These specific approaches can be grouped into four general categories (table 1). In general, combinations <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong> these have been implemented at the local, State, or national levels and by private business. While these options have been attempted to varying degrees, there is little evidence that any <strong>of</strong> these policy alternatives have had a meaningful impact on overall rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. There have not been rigorous evaluations <strong>of</strong> these policy initiatives or tests <strong>of</strong> these strategies. Advocates <strong>of</strong> particular strategies justify their positions more on theory and principle than on empirical evidence <strong>of</strong> effectiveness. There are a number <strong>of</strong> alternative but not mutually exclusive policy approaches to addressing inhalant abuse; they fall into four categories (shown in table 1). In general, combinations <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong> these have been implemented at the local, State, or national levels and by private business. While these options have been attempted to varying degrees, there is little evidence that any <strong>of</strong> these policy alternatives have had a meaningful impact on overall rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. There have not been rigorous evaluations <strong>of</strong> these policy initiatives. Advocates <strong>of</strong> particular strategies 279
justify their positions more on principle than on empirical evidence <strong>of</strong> effectiveness. Such policies have been or could be enacted by several major social institutions: Private business; The Federal Government; State governments; and The educational system. TABLE 1. Alternative policy approaches to inhalant abuse. Change products: Voluntarily formulate products with no or minimal abuse potential: Ban abusable substances from use in legitimate products; Regulate (limit) the content <strong>of</strong> abusable substances in legitimate products; Add irritants to legitimate products containing abusable substances; Restrict access to abusable products: Criminalize the abuse, possession, and/or distribution <strong>of</strong> inhalants; Restrict access to products containing abusable substances; Implement prevention efforts targeted at inhalant abuse: Voluntarily place warning labels on abusable products; Place warning labels by regulation on abusable products; and Implement prevention/education programs specifically targeted at inhalants. Provide substance abuse treatment to inhalant abusers. 280
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 283: classes containing these substances
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Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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