Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

SOURCES OF INFORMATION The main data source for this report is the last national school survey (Medina-Mora et al. 1993) conducted among high school students in Mexico, which for the first time included rural areas. The data are provided on a State basis. The sample design was stratified by schools and groups within the selected schools. A total <strong>of</strong> 2,330 groups were selected, and a total <strong>of</strong> 61,779 students completed the questionnaire. Fifty-two percent were male, and 47 percent were female; 20 percent were age 13 or younger, and 94 percent were 18 years <strong>of</strong> age or less (Medina-Mora et al., in press) (table 1). Data from previous school surveys conducted in the urban areas <strong>of</strong> the country and from biannual studies conducted in Mexico City also are included for review (Castro and Valencia 1979, 1980; Castro et al. 1982, 1986; De La Serna et al. 1991). Another source consulted is the <strong>National</strong> Survey on Addictions (NSA), conducted in 1988 by two organizations within the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health—the General Directorate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Epidemiology</strong> (DGE) and the Mexican <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry (IMP). This household survey obtained prevalence data on the use <strong>of</strong> tobacco, alcohol, and nonprescription drugs, as well as illicit use <strong>of</strong> prescription drugs, within a random sample <strong>of</strong> 12,557 individuals between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12 and 65. The sample was selected by using the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health’s master sampling framework. Only residents <strong>of</strong> urban localities with over 2,500 inhabitants, which accounted for 65 percent <strong>of</strong> the national population, were considered. The sample design was stratified in several stages. Only one individual per household was interviewed; 84 percent <strong>of</strong> those sampled participated in the survey. The survey results were weighted according to the probability <strong>of</strong> selection. Handled in this manner, the data yielded results applicable to the urban national population aged 12 to 65 years and to each <strong>of</strong> seven regions (Medina-Mora et al. 1989; Secretaria de Salud 1990; Tapia et al. 1990). Studies among high-risk groups, including those conducted among minors that work on the streets, also were reviewed (Leal et al. 1977; Medina-Mora et al. 1982; Ortíz et al. 1988). The most recent study was a census conducted in Mexico City by the city government with support <strong>of</strong> different governmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) (Departamento del Distrito Federal 1992). The main objective <strong>of</strong> this study was to define the conditions <strong>of</strong> children whose survival 137
TABLE 1. <strong>National</strong> school survey: Demographic characteristics <strong>of</strong> high school students. NATIONAL SAMPLE (N = 61,779) GENDER Males Females AGE 13 or younger 43 14 20 15 14 16 10 17 6 18 or older 5 STUDENT DURING PREVIOUS YEAR Full-time WORK STATUS DURING PREVIOUS YEAR Did not work URBANICITY LIVED MOST OF THEIR LIVES IN Big city Medium-size city Small city Rural areas SCHOOL STATUS OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY No. <strong>of</strong> years elementary school completed No formal schooling 1-6 years 7-9 years l0-12 years 13+ years NOTE: Because <strong>of</strong> omitted data, total is not 100 percent. SOURCE: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Public Education and Mexican <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry. 138 % 52 47 72 75 16 35 15 30 13 38 19 10 13
Page 1 and 2:
National I
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6:
Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8:
extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10:
agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12:
prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14:
Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16:
FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18:
Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20:
use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24:
TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26:
TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28:
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30:
TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32:
CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34:
AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36:
Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38:
perception of the
Page 39 and 40:
Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42:
The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44:
them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46:
Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48:
Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50:
(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52:
truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54:
Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56:
Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58:
Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60:
(1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62:
Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64:
FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66:
ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68:
REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70:
Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76:
TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78:
however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80:
TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82:
TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84:
Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86:
RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90:
Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141: Epidemiology <stro
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 2. National
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194:
funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196:
AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198:
abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200:
nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204:
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206:
working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208:
of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210:
Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212:
least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214:
TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216:
inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218:
UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220:
FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222:
TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224:
TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232:
TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234:
TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236:
TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238:
presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240:
TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242:
Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244:
problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246:
Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248:
contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250:
Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252:
Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254:
Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256:
Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258:
that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260:
Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262:
challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264:
REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266:
Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268:
DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270:
The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272:
TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274:
are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276:
number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278:
REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280:
Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282:
predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 283 and 284:
classes containing these substances
Page 285 and 286:
justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288:
eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290:
with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292:
TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294:
TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296:
TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298:
TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300:
TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302:
appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304:
Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306:
outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308:
Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310:
Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312:
AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314:
26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316:
80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318:
102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320:
124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322:
138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
show all

Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?