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Castro, M.E., and Valencia, M. Drug consumption among the student population <strong>of</strong> Mexico City and its metropolitan area: Subgroups affected and the distribution <strong>of</strong> users. Bull Nurc 32(4):29-37, 1980. Caudillo, C. “Estudio Descriptivo y Comparativo de Menores Captados por Dos Instituciones que Realizan Actividades Lucrativas en la Via Pública y son Usuarios de <strong>Inhalant</strong>es.” Ph.D. diss., Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico, 1982. Chao, Z., and Castro, M.E. Investigación nacional sobre Consumo de Fdrmacos y las Attitudes Hacia la Farmaco Dependencia en la Boblación Escolar de 14 a 18 Años (informe regional). Mexico: Mexican <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 1976. De La Garza, G.F.; Mendiola, HI.; and Rabago, S. Psychological, familial, and social study <strong>of</strong> 32 patients using inhalants. In: Sharp, C., and Carroll, T., eds. Voluntary Inhalation <strong>of</strong> Industrial Solvents. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph. DHEW Pub. No. (ADM)79-779. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. pp. 75-89. De La Garza, F.; De La Vega, B.; Zúñiga, V.; and Villareal, R.M. La Cultura del Menor Infractor. Mexico: Trillas, 1987. De La Serna, J.; Rojas, E.; Estrada, M.A.; and Medina-Mora, M.E. Medición del uso de drogas en estudiantes de educación media y media superior del distrito federal y zona conurbada, 1989. An Inst Mex Psiquiatr 2:186-189, 1991. Departamento de1 Distrito Federal. Comisión para el Estudio de los Niños Callejeros. Ciudad de Mexico: Estudio de los Niños Callejeros, 1992. Gutiérrez, R.; Vega, L.; and Perez, C. Caracteristicas psicosociales de los menores que sobreviven en las calles. An Inst Mex Psiquiatr 2:157- 163, 1993. Hughes, P.; Venulet, J.; Khant, U.; Medina-Mora, M.E.; Navaratham, V.; Posyachinda, V.; Rootman, I.; Salan, R.; and Wadud, K.A. Core Data for Epidemiological Studies <strong>of</strong> Non Medical Drug Use. World Health Organization Offset Publication No. 56. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980. Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G. Monitoring the Future Study: A Continuing Study <strong>of</strong> the Lifestyles and Values <strong>of</strong> Youth. Ann Arbor, MI: University <strong>of</strong> Michigan, <strong>Institute</strong> for Social Research, 1993. Leal, H.; Mejía, L.; Gomez, L.; and de Salinas, V.O. Estudio naturalístico sobre el fenómeno del consumo de inhalantes en niños de la ciudad de Mexico. In: Contreras, C., ed. Inhalación Volunturia de Disolventes Industriales. Mexico: Trillas, 1977. pp. 442-459. 171
Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategias de intervención para trabajar con inhaladores de la calle. In: Labarandero, M.; Cabrera, J.; Zapata, R.; and Wagner, F., eds. Disolventes Inhalables. Mexico: Centro de Integración Jevenil A.C., 1988. pp. 215-246. Mariño, M.C.; Medina-Mora, M.E.; Chaparro, J.J.; and Gonzalez- Forteza, C. Confiabilidad y estructura factorial de1 CES-D en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos. Rev Mex Psicol 10(2): 141-145, 1993. Mata, M.A. Rehabilitación de Niños y Jóvenes Farmacodependientes a Través de un Programa Comunitario de Consulta Externa. Memorias de la II Reunión de Investigación Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría. Mexico: Mexican <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 1984. pp. 207-224. Medina-Mora, M.E.; Ortiz, A.: Caudillo, C.; and Lopez, S. Inhalación deliberada de disolventes en un grupo de menores mexicanos. Salud Ment 5(1):77-86, 1982. Medina-Mora, M.E.; Rojas, E.; Galvan, J.; Berenzon, S.H.; Carreño, S.; Juarez, F.; Villatoto, J.; and Lopez, E. Encuesta Nacional Sobre Uso de Drogas entre la Comunidad Escoiar: Reporte Nacional. Mexico: Secretaria de Educación Pública e Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría, 1993. Medina-Mora. M.E.; Rojas, E.; Galvan, J.; Berenzon, S.H.; Carreño, S.; Juarez, F.; Villatoro, J.; and Lopez, E. Consumo de sustancias con efectos psicotrópicos en la población estudiantil de enseñanza media y media superior de la República Mexicana. Salud Ment, in press. Medina-Mora, M.E.; Tapia, R.; Sepúlveda, J.; Otero, R.; Rascón, M.; Solache, G.; Lazcano, F.; Villatoro, J.; Mariño, M.; Lopez, E.; De La Sema, J.; and Rojas, E. Extensión de1 consumo de drogas en Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones. Resultados nacionales. Salud Ment 12(2):7-12, 1989. Ortiz, A., and Caudillo, C. Alteraciones cognitivas en menores usuarios cróncicos de sustancias inhalables: Informe de un estudio experimental. Salud Pública Mex 27(4):286-290, 1985. Ortiz, A.; Orozco, C.; Romano, M.; Sosa, R.; and Villatoro, J. El desarrollo de1 Sistema de Información sobre drogas y las tendencias de1 consumo en el area Metropolitana. Salud Ment 12(2):35-41, 1989. Ortiz, A.; Rodriguez, E.; Galván, J.; Unikel, C.; and Gonzalez, L. Grupo Interinstitucional para el Desarrollo del Sistema de Información en Drogas. Resultados de la Aplicución de la Cedula: Informe individual sobre el Consumo de Drogas. Tendencias en el Area Metropolitana. Reporte No. 13, Noviembre de 1992. ISNN-0187-6783. Mexico: Mexican <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 1993. 172
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 225 and 226: FIGURE 6. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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FIGURE 9. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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