Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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inhalant users are gone, so lifetime prevalence for 12th graders is lower than that for 8th graders. Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong>s by Adults Data on inhalant use by adults is available in the United States from the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> sponsored by the Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The questions asking about inhalant use on the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey do use a slightly different wording and definition <strong>of</strong> inhalants, so it is not appropriate to compare rates from this survey with the adolescent rates from either the Monitoring the Future study or The American Drug and Alcohol Survey. Unfortunately, in reporting data on adolescents from the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey, ages 12-17 are aggregated, thus obscuring important changes in inhalant use that occur over this age range. The aggregated data, however, can be used to compare with adult rates reported on this same survey. These data are presented in table 3 (Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> and Mental Health Services Administration, unpublished data). Since the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey is not a school-based survey like the Monitoring the Future study or The American Drug and Alcohol Survey, it can be assumed that this survey includes dropouts. In previous research, it has been reported that dropouts generally have higher rates <strong>of</strong> use for all drugs, including inhalants, than their in-school counterparts (Chavez et al. 1989). Contrary to what might be expected from the trends for school-based surveys observed in table 1, the data from the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey do not show a decrease in either lifetime prevalence or current use from the 12-17 age group to the 18-24 age group. Inclusion <strong>of</strong> dropouts in the <strong>National</strong> Household Survey may contribute to this finding. Another possibility, however, was raised in the recent General Accounting Office (1993, p. 37) report on drug use measurement. In that report it is noted that, at the time <strong>of</strong> data collection for the 1990 survey, someone else in addition to the interviewer and interviewee was in the room for at least one-third <strong>of</strong> the time <strong>of</strong> the interview for almost one-third <strong>of</strong> the Hispanics in the 12-17 age group and for approximately one-fourth <strong>of</strong> the non-Hispanic black subjects in this age group. This factor could contribute to underreporting <strong>of</strong> inhalant and other substance use by this 12-17 age group. 17
TABLE 3. Use <strong>of</strong> inhalants by U.S. adults (values in percentages). Age group Lifetime prevalence Current use 12-17 years 5.7 1.6 18-25 years 9.8 .8 26-34 years 9.2 .4 SOURCE: Preliminary data from the 1992 <strong>National</strong> Household Survey on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, SAMHSA, June 1993. Table 3 shows that there is very little current use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among adults. This figure, however, may slightly underrepresent the prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use since inhalant use into adulthood can be very debilitating, and chronic users may have suffered such impairment that they were not included in the survey because they were no longer members <strong>of</strong> households. INHALANT USE AMONG DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATIONS Gender and <strong>Inhalant</strong> Use There has been a consistent and significant gender difference in inhalant use among high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (Johnston et al. 1992b). In 1990, about 21 percent <strong>of</strong> male seniors and only 14 percent <strong>of</strong> female seniors reported they had tried inhalants. Although very few seniors reported use <strong>of</strong> inhalants in the 30 days prior to the survey, there also are gender differences in these results, with about 3.5 percent <strong>of</strong> male seniors and only about 2 percent <strong>of</strong> female seniors having used inhalants in the last year. Results for seniors from The American Drug and Alcohol Survey show, as noted above, lower overall rates <strong>of</strong> lifetime prevalence, but the gender differences essentially are the same as those found by Johnston and his colleagues (1992b) (see table 4). Table 4 also shows that, for sixth graders, boys use inhalants 18
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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