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REFERENCES Fukui, S. Recent trends in drug dependence in Japan. In: Sato, M., and Fukui, S., eds. Drug Dependence. Osaka: Sekaihokentushinsha, 1993. pp. 51-59. Fukui, S.; Wada, K.; and Iyo, M. Epidemiologic trends <strong>of</strong> drug abuse and dependence in Japan: Prevalence <strong>of</strong> organic solvent abuse among junior high school students and background life style <strong>of</strong> abusers. In: 1990 Report <strong>of</strong> Studies on Causal Mechanism, Clinics and Treatment <strong>of</strong> Drug Dependence. Tokyo: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health and Welfare, 1991. pp. 27-34. Kagawa Prefectural Office for Countermeasures <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong>. Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Status in Kagawa. Kagawa: Kagawa Prefectural Office, 1992. <strong>National</strong> Police Agency, Division <strong>of</strong> Prevention <strong>of</strong> Crimes, Department for Countermeasures <strong>of</strong> Drugs. Statistics <strong>of</strong> the Violations Against Stimulants and Other Drug-Related Laws in 1988. Tokyo: <strong>National</strong> Police Agency, 1989. <strong>National</strong> Police Agency, Division <strong>of</strong> Prevention <strong>of</strong> Crimes, Department for Countermeasures <strong>of</strong> Drugs. Statistics <strong>of</strong> the Violations Against Stimulants and Other Drug-Related Laws in 1990. Tokyo: <strong>National</strong> Police Agency, 1991. Suwaki, H.; Horii, S.; Fujimoto, A.; Okada, K.; Akita, I.; Yamasaki, M.; and Kazunaga, H. A longitudinal study <strong>of</strong> substance dependence: I. Clinical course and multiple substance use problems in solvent abuse. In: Sato, M., ed. 1990 Report <strong>of</strong> Studies on Causal Mechanism, Clinics and Treatment <strong>of</strong> Drug Dependence. Tokyo: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health and Welfare, 1991. pp. 21-26. Suwaki, H.; Nishii, Y.; Yoshida, T.; and Ohara, H. Backgrounds and prognosis <strong>of</strong> the adolescents with glue-sniffing. Jpn J Alcohol Drug Depend 17(1):74-86, 1982. AUTHOR Hiroshi Suwaki, M.D. Department <strong>of</strong> Neuropsychiatry Kagawa Medical School 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-07 JAPAN 135
<strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong> in Mexico Maria Elena Medina-Mora and Shoshana Berenzon INTRODUCTION Inhalation <strong>of</strong> substances with psychotropic effects is and has been, after tobacco and alcohol, the major drug problem in Mexico. <strong>Inhalant</strong>s are the substances most commonly abused by children and adolescents, but they occupy second place in the general population. In 1976, abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants was most prevalent among youngsters from the low socioeconomic level, but by 1980 it became popular in all social classes, with no differences in the rates <strong>of</strong> use. Though it is a class <strong>of</strong> drug used mainly at younger ages, an increase in the age <strong>of</strong> users is being noted, mainly among employees and seasonal workers and those working in the informal economy. First use <strong>of</strong> these substances occurs at an age earlier than that observed for other substances. When compared to users <strong>of</strong> other drugs, males outnumber females, and users are significantly younger and come from a lower socioeconomic level, as inferred by the school status <strong>of</strong> the head <strong>of</strong> the family. Students who report the use <strong>of</strong> solvents frequently are arrested and present more antisocial behavior compared to users <strong>of</strong> all other illegal drugs. They are similar to cocaine users, though inhalers more <strong>of</strong>ten steal; however, cocaine users present more violent behavior and get involved in selling drugs more <strong>of</strong>ten than inhalers. The first data documenting inhalants as a substance <strong>of</strong> abuse comes from the 1960s. Since the beginning <strong>of</strong> the 1970s inhalant abuse has been included as part <strong>of</strong> prevention and treatment programs. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, use seems to be growing. It is the purpose <strong>of</strong> this chapter to review the epidemiology and prevention policies related to inhalant abuse in Mexico. 136
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
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Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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