Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> alcohol, cannabis, and solvent abuse among secondary school children in four southern Nigerian cities (values in percentages). Enugu Ibadan Benin Lagos Alcohol 26.5 24.4 49.2 26.5 Cannabis 11.9 20.3 7.3 37.8 Solvents 9.8 22.9 2.7 35.7 SOURCE: International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (1988). solvents was estimated to be 1.5 percent in a sample <strong>of</strong> 2,439 school children. More boys (1.1 percent) than girls (0.4 percent) were current users. Most <strong>of</strong> the children experimented with solvents before 10 years <strong>of</strong> age. A great majority <strong>of</strong> the respondents (78 percent) believed that solvents were harmful to users. Table 2 shows that similar proportions believed that cannabis (78.4 percent) and cocaine (78.9 percent) were harmful. The near equivalence <strong>of</strong> perceived harmfulness ratings may reflect a general reaction to the harmfulness <strong>of</strong> all psychoactive drugs. TABLE 2. Perceived harmfulness <strong>of</strong> cannabis, cocaine and solvents by Nigerian school children (values in percentages). Harmful 78.4 Not harmful 12.6 Maybe harmful 2.5 Don’t know 6.5 SOURCE: Odejide et al. (1993). Cannabis Cocaine Solvents 177 78.9 78.0 12.3 12.3 2.5 2.8 6.3 6.9
Adults and Older Students <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse among undergraduates has been reported by Adelekan and colleagues (1992). In a survey conducted among 627 university students, lifetime use <strong>of</strong> solvents was 3.7 percent, and use in the past month was 1 percent. A survey <strong>of</strong> Nigerian students in the United States (most <strong>of</strong> whom were born and grew up in Nigeria) showed lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> 6.3 percent, use in the past year <strong>of</strong> 2.9 percent, and use in the past month <strong>of</strong> 2.1 percent. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse in the general population has been reported in one study (International Council on Alcohol and Addictions 1988). The substances most frequently used were petrol, glue, and kerosene. Table 3 shows that, in the two cities where the study was conducted, lifetime use <strong>of</strong> these substances ranged from 2.3 percent (for glue) to 15.1 percent (for kerosene). In the report, the authors noted the “wide variation in the populations from the four centres that used solvents” (p. 16) but gave no reason for their observation. The explanation may lie in the suspicion mentioned earlier that the questions on inhalants were misunderstood by respondents, probably in one center more than the other. TABLE 3. Percent use <strong>of</strong> solvents in the general population <strong>of</strong> two cities (values in percentages). Benin (N = 602) Ibadan (N = 450) Total (N = 1,052) Petrol 0.5 14.0 6.3 Glue 0.0 5.3 2.3 Kerosene 2.6 31.8 15.1 SOURCE: International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (1988). THE EFFECTS OF INHALANT ABUSE IN NIGERIA One <strong>of</strong> the ways in which the abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants or many other drugs comes to the attention <strong>of</strong> experts is through hospital admission records. That was the case with cannabis, stimulants, cocaine, and heroin in Nigeria. Few studies <strong>of</strong> clinical populations (usually involving the 178
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Page 181: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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