Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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youngsters that there are better things to do than seek the most convenient chemical high. Meanwhile, the tragic waste <strong>of</strong> two young lives every week in the United Kingdom cannot be ignored. REFERENCES Advisory Council on Alcohol and Drug Education. Skills for the Primary School Child. Salford, England: The Advisory Council on Alcohol and Drug Education, 1991. Advisory Council on the Misuse <strong>of</strong> Drugs. Drug Education in Schools: The Need for New Impetus. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1993. Allison, W.M., and Jerrom, D.W. Glue sniffing: A pilot study <strong>of</strong> the cognitive effects <strong>of</strong> long-term use. Int J Addict 19:453-458, 1984. Anderson, H.R.; Dick, B.; Macnair, R.S.; Palmer, J.C.; and Ramsey, J.D. An investigation <strong>of</strong> 140 deaths associated with volatile substance abuse in the United Kingdom (1971-1981). Hum Toxicol 1:207-221, 1982. Anonymous. British Crime Survey, 1982. Audience Selection. Audience Selection Survey Conducted for the News <strong>of</strong> the World. London: Audience Selection, 1985. Balding, J. Schoolchildren and Drugs in 1987. Exeter: University <strong>of</strong> Exeter, 1988. Balding, J. Young People in 1988. Exeter: University <strong>of</strong> Exeter, 1989. Balding, J. Young People in 1991. Exeter: University <strong>of</strong> Exeter, 1993. Bass, M. Sudden sniffing death. JAMA 212(12):2075-2079, 1970. Beauvais, F., and Oetting, E.R. Toward a clear definition <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. Int J Addict 22:779-784, 1987. Bird, M.G. Future directions: Toxicology studies <strong>of</strong> 1, 3-butadiene and isoprene. Environ Health Perspect 86:99-102, 1990. Brady, M. Heavy Metal: The Social Meaning <strong>of</strong> Petrol Sniffing. Canberra: Australian <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1991. Brown, C., and Lawton, J. Illicit Drug Use in Portsmouth and Havant. London: Policy Studies <strong>Institute</strong>, 1988. Carlini-Cotrim, B., and Carlini, E.A. The use <strong>of</strong> solvents and other drugs among children and adolescents from a low socioeconomic background: A study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int J Addict 23:1145-1156, 1988. 243
Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland, M.; and Ramsey, J. Neuropsychological consequences <strong>of</strong> volatile substance abuse: A population based study <strong>of</strong> secondary school pupils. BMJ 298:1679- 1683, 1989. Chadwick, O.; Anderson, H.R.; Bland, M.; and Ramsey, J. Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Population-Based Neuropsychological Study. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc., 1991. Coggans, N. <strong>National</strong> Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Drug Education in Scotland. London: <strong>Institute</strong> for the Study <strong>of</strong> Drug Dependence, 1991. Cooke, B.R.B.; Evans, D.A.; and Farrow, S.C. Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> Among Secondary School Children: Duplicated Report. Cardiff: University <strong>of</strong> Wales College <strong>of</strong> Medicine, 1985. Department <strong>of</strong> Health. The Health <strong>of</strong> the Nation: A Strategy for Health in England. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1992. Diamond, I.D.; Pritchard, C.; Choudry, N.; Fielding, M.; Cox, M.; and Bushnell, D. The incidence <strong>of</strong> drug and solvent misuse among Southern English normal comprehensive schoolchildren. Public Health 102:107-114, 1988. Edminster, S.C., and Bayer, M.J. Recreational gasoline sniffing: Acute gasoline intoxication and latent organolead poisoning. J Emerg Med 3:365-370, 1985. Elliott, D.C. Frostbite <strong>of</strong> the mouth: A case report. Mil Med 156: 18-19, 1991. Ellis, M.; Linke, S.; Evans, A.; Kaczmarczuk, M.; and Haddock, G. Substance abuse among schoolchildren in Pontefract. Health Educ J 47:17-19, 1988. Esmail, A.; Anderson, H.R.; Ramsey, J.D.; Taylor, J.; and Potter, A. Controlling deaths from volatile substance abuse in under 18s: The effects <strong>of</strong> legislation. BMJ 305:692, 1992. Evans, A.C., and Raistrick, D. Patterns <strong>of</strong> use and related harm with toluene-based adhesives and butane gas. Br J Psychiatry 150:773-776, 1987. Evans, C. Preliminary Findings: Survey on Drug Use by Young People in Tower Hamlets’ Youth Clubs and Youth Centres. London: London Borough <strong>of</strong> Tower Hamlets, 1986. Faber, P. Solvent abuse: The East Sussex study findings. Educ Health 3:3, 1985. Farley, P., and Simons, T. Attitudes to Drug and Substance Misuse in Norwich. Norwich, England: Norfolk Youth and Community Service, 1990. Flanagan, R.J.; Meredith, T.J.; and Ramsey, J.D. Volatile substance abuse—an overview. Hum Toxicol 8:257-259. 1989. 244
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247: contributions from many small group
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 283 and 284: classes containing these substances
Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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