Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

FIGURE 1. <strong>National</strong> Household Survey on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, 1972-1991. Reported inhalant use in past month. Native Americans and Hispanics (Beauvais and Oetting 1988; Mata and Andrews 1988; Smart 1988). Public attention nationally and at the State and community levels is episodic. An episode typically is initiated by the media publicizing a series <strong>of</strong> inhalant-related deaths and injuries <strong>of</strong> adolescents associated with a particular product or type <strong>of</strong> abusable product (e.g., glue and metallic paints). Glue sniffing as described in Parade magazine was the first and best-remembered media-publicized inhalant “epidemic,” but numerous States and communities subsequently have “discovered” inhalant abuse. There is little evidence that inhalant abuse dramatically waxes or wanes before or after its “discovery.” The most difficult facet <strong>of</strong> the inhalant problem to confront is the fact that inhalants are ubiquitous. Abusable substances are used in and important to the function <strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> consumer and industrial products, such as fuels (e.g., gasoline), glues and adhesives, paints, varnishes, typewriter correction fluid, nail polish remover, gas lighters, pressurized food products, and aerosolized cosmetic products. These products contain volatile substances such as benzene, toluene, butane, acetone, nitrous oxide, freon, chlor<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons (CFCs), and others. Major product 277
classes containing these substances make up about $80 billion <strong>of</strong> the U.S. economy annually (Harwood et al. 1993). While a series <strong>of</strong> deaths or injuries related to abuse <strong>of</strong> a particular product typically attracts public attention and motivates development <strong>of</strong> public policy (as exemplified in the State statutes that have been passed on this subject), a policy that focuses on only one or a few products is unlikely to stop or deter individuals who want to abuse inhalants because there are so many different products that are abusable (Watson 1986). <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse usually is <strong>of</strong> concern because <strong>of</strong> the tragedy <strong>of</strong> the youthful deaths that bring it to the public’s attention. While inhalants are toxic to varying degrees, both acutely and chronically, it would appear that most inhalant-related deaths are due to trauma, injury, and violence during intoxication. Garriott (1992) found that 80 percent <strong>of</strong> inhalantrelated deaths in Bexar County, TX, were due to suicide, homicide, and other traumas (the types <strong>of</strong> consequences that also are highly correlated with alcohol intoxication). The remainder were due to asphyxiation, or anoxia, or heart arrhythmias probably induced by abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse needs to be put in the larger context <strong>of</strong> the illicit drug problem. <strong>National</strong>ly, inhalant abuse is responsible for a very minor fraction <strong>of</strong> the measured consequences <strong>of</strong> drug abuse (figure 2). The Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Warning Network (DAWN) reveals that only a small fraction <strong>of</strong> drug-related deaths and emergency room episodes involve inhalants. In the 20 DAWN cities making medical examiner reports, inhalants were mentioned in 1.0 percent <strong>of</strong> drug-involved deaths (<strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> 1991a). In the 48 contiguous States inhalants were reported in only 0.3 percent <strong>of</strong> all drug-involved emergency room episodes in 1990 (<strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> 1991 b). Furthermore, the State Alcohol and Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> the public substance abuse treatment system estimated that only about 0.4 percent <strong>of</strong> clients admitted to drug treatment were admitted due to inhalant abuse (<strong>National</strong> Association <strong>of</strong> State Alcohol and Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Directors 1991). Cocaine and opiates and, to a lesser extent, marijuana are involved in much higher proportions <strong>of</strong> drug-involved consequences. These findings should be given the caveat that it may be more difficult to recognize abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants than other drugs. 278
Page 1 and 2:
National I
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6:
Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8:
extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10:
agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12:
prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14:
Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16:
FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18:
Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20:
use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24:
TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26:
TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28:
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30:
TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32:
CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34:
AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36:
Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38:
perception of the
Page 39 and 40:
Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42:
The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44:
them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46:
Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48:
Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50:
(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52:
truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54:
Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56:
Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58:
Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60:
(1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62:
Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64:
FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66:
ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68:
REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70:
Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76:
TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78:
however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80:
TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82:
TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84:
Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86:
RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90:
Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92:
TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94:
FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96:
TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98:
TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100:
TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102:
FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104:
The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106:
Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108:
The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110:
FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112:
FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114:
The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116:
medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118:
(with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120:
In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122:
FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124:
of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126:
Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128:
FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130:
had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132:
FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138:
FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140:
FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142:
Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144:
TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146:
(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE 2. National
Page 149 and 150:
TABLE 3. National
Page 151 and 152:
FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154:
FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 155 and 156:
TABLE 5. National
Page 157 and 158:
TABLE 6. National
Page 159 and 160:
TABLE 7. National
Page 161 and 162:
TABLE 9. National
Page 163 and 164:
TABLE 9. National
Page 165 and 166:
TABLE 10. National
Page 167 and 168:
TABLE 10. National
Page 169 and 170:
The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172:
Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174:
Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176:
3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178:
Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180:
Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182:
mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184:
Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186:
Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188:
TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190:
TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192:
THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194:
funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196:
AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198:
abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200:
nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204:
TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206:
working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208:
of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210:
Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212:
least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214:
TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216:
inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218:
UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220:
FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222:
TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224:
TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281: predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
show all

Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?