Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and inhalants (continued). Name Year Target published grades Program approach <strong>Inhalant</strong> information Student Teacher/ Public lessons parent only health Paper People 1989 K-2 A No No Preventing <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong> 1991 3-6 WA, 0 Yes No T Project DARE 1983 K-9 WA, alt, 0 No No Project LEAD: High Expectations! 1990 6-12 K/A, S No No C Project Pride 1988 K-6 WA, 0 Yes No L Team STARS 1989 6-8 WA No No KEY: K = kindergarten; A = affective only: Teaches students life skills (i.e., decisionmaking, coping, peer resistance); K/A = knowledge and affective: Lessons combine knowledge <strong>of</strong> substances with daily life skills; S = scare tactics used; alt = alternative: Provides students with positive alternatives to using substances; O = outside <strong>of</strong> classroom (parent/community/guest speaker); P = poison control: Addresses dangers <strong>of</strong> poisonous substances but not directly as inhalants; T = toxicity: Presents inhalants as toxic substances; L = legality: Addresses the legality <strong>of</strong> inhalant usage; and C = cultural component: Lessons are culturally/ethnically sensitive.
appear to enter treatment that programs may not know what specific approach is more appropriate for inhalant abusers. Texas arguably has attempted the most broad-ranging efforts against inhalant abuse, including most <strong>of</strong> the interventions and policies described above, as well as instituted an innovative $25 license fee for commercial establishments to sell certain products containing inhalants. This has raised several hundred thousand dollars per year, which the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> uses to fund development <strong>of</strong> print materials about inhalants and to fund several local prevention campaigns. None <strong>of</strong> these efforts have been evaluated for effectiveness. School-Based Prevention Indeed, most schools have implemented antidrug programs (Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>National</strong> Drug Control Policy 1993). This conclusion is derived primarily from discussions with experts on inhalant abuse. Conversations with Federal and State regulatory and law enforcement <strong>of</strong>ficials revealed that they viewed product-oriented policies ineffective, and they believed there was more potential from prevention. Representatives <strong>of</strong> industry are adamant that education and prevention is the best prospect for reducing inhalant abuse, and they have supported development and distribution <strong>of</strong> such material. There is strong agreement that prevention and education, in particular school-based prevention and education, should be either one <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> elements or the major element in the effort against inhalant abuse. However, this resolution appears to be poorly implemented in practice. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse is at best a minor part <strong>of</strong> school-based prevention programs but, more importantly, inhalant abuse is not even addressed in some recently published prevention curricula. In a review <strong>of</strong> the 16 school-based prevention curricula in the collection <strong>of</strong> and accessed through the <strong>National</strong> Clearinghouse on Alcohol and Drug Information, it was found that only eight communicate information on inhalants to the students (table 6). Another three provided information about inhalants only to the teachers or to parents. Five curricula included no information about inhalants. Only two curricula approached inhalants as a public health/poison control problem. The literature on drug abuse prevention <strong>of</strong>fers no guidance on how important it is to address inhalants in interventions. “Knowledge only” or “scare tactic” programs have been found <strong>of</strong>ten to lack credibility with 296
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
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Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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