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eview <strong>of</strong> patients records) make any reference to inhalant abuse. In one <strong>of</strong> these, a retrospective study was conducted <strong>of</strong> admissions into four major psychiatric hospitals in Nigeria for a period <strong>of</strong> 5 years (1984-1988) (Obot and Olaniyi 1991). Only one case <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse was referred to specifically in the case files. This case involved a 16-year-old Muslim male student who was admitted into a university teaching hospital because <strong>of</strong> sniffing “liquids, petrol, gum, gas,” as recorded in his file. He spent 68 days in treatment. In another study <strong>of</strong> alcohol and drug-related admissions by Ohaeri and Odejide (1993), in which the records <strong>of</strong> 10,396 cases in 28 psychiatric hospitals were analyzed, only 20 admissions were attributed to the abuse <strong>of</strong> solvents. Fifteen <strong>of</strong> these were found in only one facility in the northern part <strong>of</strong> Nigeria. A PILOT STUDY OF INHALANT ABUSE IN NIGERIA From the foregoing, it is clear that, in the available literature on the abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants in Nigeria, no studies have been conducted in the country on inhalant abuse only. The studies cited earlier were general drug abuse surveys with a few questions on inhalant (especially organic solvent) misuse. It is not clear from these studies whether or not African youth sniff substances other than glue, petrol, kerosene, and sprays. It also is not clear from available studies if abuse <strong>of</strong> these substances refers to exposure to them by chance or in the course <strong>of</strong> normal activities or to conscious attempts to “get high” or “feel good.” (Since many sources <strong>of</strong> inhalants are available at home and children come in contact with them, it is necessary to make this distinction in studies <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse.) This also is relevant to surveys that seek information on the abuse <strong>of</strong> prescription drugs, where the distinction between use as prescribed or use without a doctor’s prescription is necessary. In order to address these shortcomings, it is necessary to carry out a more detailed study focusing only on inhalants. The data being reported in this section are from a pilot study on secondary school students’ knowledge about abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants. Work on inhalant abuse among artisans, low-skilled workers, and other members <strong>of</strong> the population is still in progress. 179
Method Participants. Participants were all students in 11th-grade classes in three selected secondary schools in Jos, Nigeria. One was a mission school, the second a Federal Government school, and the third a school run by the Nigerian army. The mission school was a boys’ day school; the others were both coeducational and residential. A total <strong>of</strong> 184 students participated in the study, but five were dropped from the sample because <strong>of</strong> incomplete information. The final sample, therefore, was comprised <strong>of</strong> 179 students (139 males and 40 females) with an average age <strong>of</strong> 16 years. Procedure. A questionnaire designed specifically for this study was given by a trained research assistant to the students to complete in their classrooms. Permission to conduct the study was granted by the principal <strong>of</strong> each school. Teachers were not involved in administering the questionnaires. No identification was required from the students. They were assured <strong>of</strong> anonymity, and the purpose <strong>of</strong> the study was explained to them. The question on abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants emphasized sniffing or huffing <strong>of</strong> the listed substances to “get high” or “feel good.” The substances were materials with volatile solvents, aerosols, and anesthetics. The list was compiled on the basis <strong>of</strong> prestudy findings and information from the literature. Results Table 4 shows the prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse in the sample. Onequarter <strong>of</strong> the students had used some type <strong>of</strong> inhalants at least once in their lives; 13.4 percent had used in the past year, and 11.2 percent had used in the past month. Significantly more boys (19.3 percent) than girls (6.4 percent) had “ever used” inhalants (table 5). The different types <strong>of</strong> inhalants used by those surveyed are listed in table 6. The most <strong>of</strong>ten used substances were shoe polish (16.2 percent), sprays (16.2 percent), petrol (13.4 percent), exhaust fumes (12.3 percent), and glue (10.6 percent). Average age at first use was 12.4 years; the earliest age at first use was 9 years. The types <strong>of</strong> inhalants used in the past year and past month are shown in table 7. Petrol and sprays were the two inhalants most commonly used in the past month. Glue, sprays, and petrol were used almost equally in the past year. 180
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183: Adults and Older Students I
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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