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esponsible for inhalant use among high-risk youth. There also is a need to train a cadre <strong>of</strong> researchers that are capable <strong>of</strong> conducting sound quantitative and qualitative research studies on the problem <strong>of</strong> drug use in Bolivia. The data from this research can be utilized to develop more effective and efficient drug treatment and prevention programs geared toward addressing the growing inhalant problem in Bolivia. CONCLUSION The findings from the data reported in this chapter suggest that many street youth are exposed to multiple risk factors that affect their drugusing behaviors. These include having to join the labor force at a very early age, living in poverty, and existing in an environment where there are few opportunities for upward mobility. The findings also indicate that the problen: <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse facing Bolivia is a serious one. With 10 percent <strong>of</strong> street youth using inhalants, Bolivia has a difficult and potentially explosive social problem that could overwhelm its social and health care systems. Of even more concern is the number <strong>of</strong> youth who are at risk <strong>of</strong> using inhalants and other drugs in Bolivia. Approximately 80 percent <strong>of</strong> all Bolivian youth are at risk <strong>of</strong> becoming serious inhalant or drug abusers. Despite the progress made to address the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse among street children in Bolivia, little continues to be done by the public sector to address this growing problem. The Bolivian Government continues to treat the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use as criminal issue rather than a social and health care problem. To change this view <strong>of</strong> the problem, those who are in positions <strong>of</strong> power within the Bolivian society need to be educated about the causes and consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and other drugs. However, the education <strong>of</strong> those who are in positions <strong>of</strong> power will depend on the further development <strong>of</strong> empirical information on the extent and nature <strong>of</strong> the inhalant abuse problem in Bolivia. Thus, the development <strong>of</strong> further research on this topic and the training <strong>of</strong> drug abuse researchers in Bolivia is critical to the development <strong>of</strong> effective policies, strategies, and programs to address the serious problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use. Steps to develop a sound empirical base for understanding the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse must be undertaken as soon as possible. Failure to do so could jeopardize whatever progress has been made so far in addressing this problem in Bolivia. 61
REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consumo de Drogas en la Juventud Boliviana. La Paz: ABC Communication, 1986. Ardaya, G., and Domic, J.¿Sujetos Sociales, Hoy o Mañana? Análisis de la Situación de Niños en Circunstancias Especialmente Dificiles. La Paz: Fundación San Gabriel, 1991. Asociación Drogadictos Anonimos. lnforme de Actividades. Santa Cruz: Asociación de Drogadictos Anónimos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1987. Baldivieso, L. “Sustancias Inhalables y Niños Abandonados.” Paper presented at the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Technical Review on <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An International Perspective, Bethesda, MD, July 21-22, 1993. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes-Instituto Boliviano de Mercadeo y Opinion Publica. Panorama del Consumo de Drogas en Bolivia. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1984. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. Informe—Evaluación 1990. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1991. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. Informe—Evaluación 1991. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1992a. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. Directorio de las Instituciones de la Iglesia Católica de Santa Cruz, que Trabajan con la Murginalidad. Santa Cruz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1992b. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. Informe—Evaluación 1992. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1993. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. Informe—Evaluación 1993. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1994. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. “Sintesis de Datos Epidemiológicos sobre Drogas, Proporcionados por Instituciones que Trabajan con Niños de la Calle en La Paz.” Unpublished manuscript-a. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. “Sintesis de Datos Epidemiológicos sobre Drogas, Proporcionados por Instituciones que Trabajan con Niños de la Calle en Cochabamba.” Unpublished manuscript- b. Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes. “Síntesis de Epidemiológicos sobre Drogas, Proporcionados por Instituciones que Trabajan con Niños de la Calle en Santa Cruz.” Unpublished manuscript-c. 62
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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