Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 2. Routes to obtaining volatile solvents. Route No. <strong>of</strong> persons Given by peers or delinquent groups Buying at carpentry shop, supermarket, etc. Stealing Other 126.0 28.0 38.0 14.0 Percentage 61.2 13.6 18.4 6.8 SOURCE: Kagawa Prefectural Office for Countermeasures <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> (1992). As for school records, only five subjects were rated above average, and the remainder were below average to poor. Among the 45 subjects on whom intelligence tests were performed, 21 had an IQ <strong>of</strong> 100 or above, 20 cases, 80-100, and 4 cases, 60-80. As regards the economic state <strong>of</strong> the family, 46 cases (7 1.9 percent) belonged to the low-income bracket, and 13 cases (20.3 percent) were from households on welfare. Among fathers <strong>of</strong> clients, there were 13 cases <strong>of</strong> alcohol abuse, 7 <strong>of</strong> gambling, and 12 <strong>of</strong> idleness. By contrast, problematic behavior <strong>of</strong> the mother was far less noticeable. There may be a difference in the behavioral characteristics between men and women in Japanese culture. Women in Japan tend to be subordinate to men and express their anxiety and other emotions in more suppressed and disguised ways. Men express them in overt behavioral ways. However, marital and family relationships in Japan are changing rapidly toward those <strong>of</strong> Western culture. Living conditions for the 64 subjects were investigated an average <strong>of</strong> 6.7 years after their consultations. In 49 cases out <strong>of</strong> 64, interviews were conducted with the client or with his or her family. The remaining 15 cases could not be reached, either because they had moved from the original residence or because they refused to be interviewed. A detailed account <strong>of</strong> the present living situation was obtained <strong>of</strong> 42 cases (65.6 percent). Thus, even in Japan, such a small homogeneous country where 127
TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultation <strong>of</strong>fice. Age Number <strong>of</strong> clients % Under 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Over 18 — — 1 1.6 4 6.3 16 25.0 30 46.9 10 15.6 2 3.1 1 1.6 — — Total 64 100.1 SOURCE: Suwaki et al. (1982). people live closely related to each other, it is quite difficult to contact persons and conduct followup research. Table 5 shows the clients’ occupational status at the time <strong>of</strong> the followup interview. Twenty-six subjects were employed, five were jobless, four were attending school, five were housewives, and two were in a reformatory or in a prison. As to substance abuse during the year preceding the followup interview, six subjects admitted solvent inhalation. All were male, and five were in their late teens. The frequency <strong>of</strong> inhalation was daily in one case, several times a month in three cases, and indefinite in two cases. Methamphetamine abuse was observed in three cases, but there were no problems recorded with narcotics, hypnotics, or marijuana. Table 6 shows the overall social adjustment, which was evaluated at three grades: (1) good, where no problems were observed in any social area; (2) relatively poor, where unstable factors such as absence from <strong>of</strong>fice or school or frequent occupational changes were observed; and (3) poor, where there was poor 128
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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