Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 5. Solvent use among 1,836 students according to school achievement, employment, and drinking patterns <strong>of</strong> relatives (percentage). Student condition Situation Nonusers Users (n = 1,407) (n = 249) Academic performance No delay 29.3 21.5 1-2 grades below 41.0 41.3 3 grades below 29.7 37.2* Relative “drinking too much” Employment Yes No Father and/or mother Brothers Other 13.8 26.1* 3.6 7.4* 24.6 28.4 32.6 51.5* 61.8 41.9* KEY: * Differs significantly from nonuser group (p 0.02). SOURCE: Carlini-Cotrim and Carlini (1988a). according to the kind <strong>of</strong> relationship maintained with their families, school, and the street environment itself. As would be expected, boys and girls lacking any family ties tend to beg and rob much more frequently than their peers who still hold those attachments. On the other hand, the latter are the ones most likely to be employed in odd jobs and services (Forster et al. 1992). Additionally, the three groups mentioned presented marked differences regarding their involvement in drug abuse behavior (Forster et al. 1992). This point will be discussed in greater detail later. Unfortunately, differentiation among several groups <strong>of</strong> street children, with its social, political, and educational implications, only recently has been acknowledged by Brazilian academics. This differentiation, 71
however, rarely is taken into consideration in Government circles and in the mass media coverage <strong>of</strong> the problem. As a result, the prevailing trend found in Brazil is the identification <strong>of</strong> all children spending some time on the streets as “abandoned” children who rob and consume drugs all the time. This perception <strong>of</strong> street children also is held by a number <strong>of</strong> international agencies. Additionally, <strong>of</strong>ficial figures furnished by unnamed Brazilian authorities estimate the number <strong>of</strong> street children to be 7 million. Consequently, this issue has become the subject <strong>of</strong> disproportionate alarm in certain national and international instances. Some Brazilian demographers have made efforts to give numerical consistency to estimates <strong>of</strong> the various subpopulations <strong>of</strong> street children. Such studies have indicated that the number <strong>of</strong> abandoned children living full time on the streets is a few thousand—significantly fewer than the figures that are touted in alarmist reports (Rosemberg, personal communication, May 1993). Available epidemiologic research findings point consistently to a high rate <strong>of</strong> inhalant and other drug use in this population (Bucher et al. 1991; Carlini-Cotrim and Carlini 1988b; Forster et al. 1992; Silva-Filho et al. 1990). Shoemaker’s glue is the preferred substance among these children, followed by lança-perfume, fingernail polish, and acetone (Carlini-Cotrim and Carlini 1988b). Such high rates <strong>of</strong> use, as has been noted, are markedly different depending on the kind <strong>of</strong> family ties maintained by these children, their relationship with their schools, and the part played by street experiences in their lives. Table 6 shows the lifetime prevalence rates found for solvents, marijuana, and cocaine among children living full time on the streets in two large Brazilian cities: São Paulo and Porto Alegre. Drug abuse, particularly inhalant use, is a widespread practice in this population. Not only is this use widespread, but it is intense as well. A large portion <strong>of</strong> the subjects reported frequent use, consuming the drug at least once a week (table 7). The results for Porto Alegre suggest that drug use behavior varies widely among the three subpopulations. Children who still have family ties report lower drug use rates than their peers who live full time on the streets. Among children who live with their families, those who attend school report no drug use, and those who did not attend school abused 72
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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