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Foley, B., and Todhunter, C. Ecstasy and Recreational Drug Use Among Young People in Wirral. Liverpool: University <strong>of</strong> Liverpool, 1992. Francis, J.; Murray, V.S.; Ruprah, M.; Flanagan, R.J.; and Ramsey, J.D. Suspected solvent abuse in cases referred to the Poisons Unit, Guy’s Hospital, July 1980-June 1981, Hum Toxicol 1:271-280, 1982. Gallup. The Youth Report for Wrangler. London: Gallup Poll, 1992. Goddard, E. The Feasibility <strong>of</strong> a <strong>National</strong> Survey <strong>of</strong> Drug Use. London: Office <strong>of</strong> Population Censuses and Surveys, 1987. Goodwin, T.M. Toluene abuse and renal tubular acidosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 71:715-718, 1988. Gossop, M. Volatile substances and the law. [Editorial] Addiction 88:311-314, 1993. Gowitt, G.T., and Hanzlick, R.L. Atypical autoerotic deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13:115-l 19, 1992. Hall, D.M.B.; Ramsey, J.; Schartz, M.S.; and Dookun, D. Neuropathy in a petrol sniffer. Arch Dis Child 61:900-916, 1986. Haverkos, H.W. Nitrite inhalant abuse and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Supplement 3. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1:S47-S50, 1990. Home Office. Statistics <strong>of</strong> drug addicts notified to the Home Office, United Kingdom, 1991, table 11. In: Home Office Statistical Bulletin, Issue 6/92. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1992. Home Office Research and Statistics Department. Statistics <strong>of</strong> Drug Seizures and Offenders Dealt with, United Kingdom, 1991. 2592th ed. London: Home Office Research and Statistics Department, 1991. <strong>Institute</strong> for the Study <strong>of</strong> Drug Dependence. <strong>National</strong> Audit <strong>of</strong> Drug Misuse in Britain, 1992. London: ISDD, 1993. Ives, R. Soluble Problems: Tackling Solvent Sniffing by Young People. London: <strong>National</strong> Children’s Bureau, 1991. Jacobs, A.M., and Ghodse, A.H. Delinquency and regular solvent abuse: An unfavourable combination? Br J Addict 83:965-968, 1988. Johns, A. Volatile solvent abuse and 963 deaths. [Editorial] Br J Addict 86:1053-1056, 1991. Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G. <strong>National</strong> Senior Survey, 1992. Liss, B.I. Government, trade and industry and other preventative responses to volatile substance abuse. Hum Toxicol 8:327-330, 1989. Lockhart, W.H., and Lennox, M. The extent <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse in a regional secure unit sample. J Adolesc 6:43-55, 1983. 245
Market and Opinion Research International. Tomorrows Young Adults: 9- 15 Year Olds Look at Alcohol, Drugs, Exercise and Smoking. London: Market and Opinion Research International/Health Education Authority, 1989. Market and Opinion Research International. Today’s Young Adults. London: Health Education Authority, 1992. McMichael, A.J. Carcinogenicity <strong>of</strong> benzene, toluene and xylene: Epidemiological and experimental evidence. IARC Sci Publ 3-18, 1988. Meredith, T.J.; Ruprah, M.; Liddle, A.; and Flanagan, R.J. Diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> acute poisoning with volatile substances. Hum Toxicol 8:277-286, 1989. Mid Glamorgan Crime Prevention Unit. Crime, Alcohol, Drugs and Leisure—A Survey <strong>of</strong> 13,437 Young People (13-18 year olds) at School in Mid Glamorgan. Bridgend: Mid Glamorgan Social Crime Prevention Unit, 1992. Nagle, D.R. Anaesthetic addiction and drunkenness: A contemporary and historical survey. Int J Addict 3:25-39, 1968. <strong>National</strong> Curriculum Council. Curriculum Guidance: 5 Health Education. London: <strong>National</strong> Curriculum Council, 1990. Newell, G.R.; Spitz, M.R.; and Wilson, M.B. Nitrite inhalants: Historical perspective. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 83. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1573. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 1-14. O’Bryan, L. Young people and drugs. In: Macgregor, S., ed. Drugs in British Society. London: Routeledge, 1989. pp. 64-76. Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Edwards, R.W. American Drug and Alcohol Survey. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Behavioral Science <strong>Institute</strong>, Inc., 1990. Oldham Metropolitan Borough. Drug Use Among School Children in Oldham. Oldham: Oldham Metropolitan Borough, 1990. Parker, J.; Pool, Y.; Rawle, R.; and Gay, M. Monitoring problem drug use in Bristol. Br J Psychiatry 152:214-221, 1988. Parker, S.E. Use and abuse <strong>of</strong> volatile substances in industry. Hum Toxicol 8:27 l-275, 1989. Pierce, J.M., and Nielsen, M.S. Acute acquired methaemoglobinaemia after amyl nitrite poisoning. BMJ 298:1566, 1989. Press, E., and Done, A.K. Solvent sniffing. Physiologic effects and community control measures for intoxication from the intentional inhalation <strong>of</strong> organic solvents. I. [Review] Pediatrics 39:451-461, 1967. 246
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 283 and 284: classes containing these substances
Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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