Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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depended on their activity in the streets. Two types <strong>of</strong> children were differentiated: (1) children from the street, characterized as minors who have no family relations, sleep on the streets, undertake marginal economic activities, and are at risk <strong>of</strong> antisocial and delinquent behaviors and <strong>of</strong> being abused by the adults who surround them (i.e., prostitutes and robbers, among others), and (2) children on the streets who have family relations, attend school, and work on the street to earn some money to help the family. These are also at risk <strong>of</strong> dropping out <strong>of</strong> school, <strong>of</strong> leaving their family, and to the aggressions <strong>of</strong> the environment. All children in these circumstances were interviewed. Places used by the children to sleep and work were identified at the initial stage. They were subdivided in four groups according the type <strong>of</strong> children found and the type <strong>of</strong> activity performed: (1) primary meeting places—both types <strong>of</strong> minors in and from the street are found here, these places are used usually during conventional hours (e.g., weekdays and during the day time); (2) meeting places—used mainly on Sundays; (3) night spots—concentrations <strong>of</strong> children who gather, work, or sleep (children from the street are found here); and (4) sleeping places—children whose main residence is the street are found in these places (places include specific streets, bus stops, parking lots, and uninhabited land). Once the places to be studied were determined, 13 sampling points were defined according to activity and type <strong>of</strong> children to be found. Special observation routes were determined based on the closeness and density <strong>of</strong> minors to be found in each sampling slot or encounter point. One hundred and three such routes and 515 meeting places were studied. The study had a 3-percent error or duplication in the identification <strong>of</strong> the children. A total <strong>of</strong> 11,172 children were identified; 75 percent were between 12 and 17 years <strong>of</strong> age, at an average <strong>of</strong> 13 years, and 72 percent were male and 28 percent female. Males were older, between 14 and 17 years, while females were between 13 and 14 years <strong>of</strong> age. Seven hundred and thirty-nine such children were selected randomly for interview. Data also were drawn from the Information System on Drug Use, coordinated by the IMP (Ortíz et al. 1989). All cases seen in 44 different health and justice institutions were screened twice a year for any drug use, independently <strong>of</strong> the reason for arriving at the institutions. All <strong>of</strong> those cases with a positive history <strong>of</strong> drug use, from experimentation to heavy use, were questioned further using a reporting form based on World Health Organization (WHO) core items for drug use surveys 139
(Hughes et al. 1980). The system has been in operation for Mexico City since 1987. Finally, the report also is based on statistics routinely collected by the Government and treatment services and compiled by the Information Center on Drugs <strong>of</strong> the IMP and from the recently installed System on Drug Surveillance (SISVEA) (Secretaria de Salud 1992) and the <strong>National</strong> System <strong>of</strong> Treatment and Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> Addicts (SINTRA), coordinated by the <strong>National</strong> Council Against Addictions (CONADIC). SISVEA collects information on 11 sites or cities <strong>of</strong> the country, including Mexico City from: (1) statistics <strong>of</strong> subjects in treatment, mortality indicators, and health consequences; (2) sentinel posts located in primary care units and emergency rooms; and (3) interviews with different types <strong>of</strong> populations on a nonrandom basis. SINTRA is a national registry <strong>of</strong> addicts in treatment and is in the process <strong>of</strong> being established. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM Incidence and Prevalence <strong>of</strong> Use and <strong>Abuse</strong> According to the NSA, 4.76 percent <strong>of</strong> the urban population (i.e., 1,713,000 persons between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12 and 65 years) have consumed one or more drugs other than tobacco and alcohol in their lifetimes; 2.06 percent used in the last 12 months, and 0.94 percent were active users at the time <strong>of</strong> the survey (defined as use in the previous 30 days). When only the young male population (12-34 years <strong>of</strong> age) was considered, the rates increased to 8.5 percent, 4.17 percent, and 1.18 percent, respectively. Rates among females were considerably lower. <strong>Inhalant</strong>s (0.76 percent) were the second drug category <strong>of</strong> choice after marijuana (2.99 percent) and were followed closely by tranquilizers (0.72 percent) (Medina-Mora et al. 1989) (table 2). Among high school students, inhalants are the substance <strong>of</strong> choice after tobacco and alcohol. In total, 8.2 percent <strong>of</strong> the students reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> any drug other than tobacco and alcohol, 4.3 percent used drugs in the last year, and 2.49 percent within the last month. The percentages for solvents were 3.5 percent, 1.6 percent, and 0.8 percent, respectively. Use is considerably higher among males (Medina-Mora et al. 1993) (table 3). 140
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143: TABLE 1. National
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 2. National
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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