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The American Drug and Alcohol Survey TM (Oetting et al. 1985) uses a similar but somewhat different question: Have you ever “sniffed” (or “huffed”) glue, gas, sprays, or anything like that to get high? (Do NOT include cocaine.) Yes No The contents <strong>of</strong> these questions appear to be quite similar and, as such, they logically should lead to essentially the same results. Every year since 1988, however, more than 17 percent <strong>of</strong> seniors indicate that they have tried inhalants on the first question, while only approximately 11 percent <strong>of</strong> seniors respond yes to the second question. Following is a brief discussion and evaluation <strong>of</strong> why this difference might occur. Form <strong>of</strong> Response The Monitoring the Future study asks for a response <strong>of</strong> “On how many occasions . . .” versus the “yes/no” format used by The American Drug and Alcohol Survey. It might be construed that the Monitoring the Future response is somewhat more detailed and might encourage admission <strong>of</strong> a single use <strong>of</strong> inhalants over the blanket “yes” <strong>of</strong> The American Drug and Alcohol Survey. Another explanation might be that the differences are due to different samples used to obtain these estimates. Neither <strong>of</strong> these explanations hold up, however, when responses to the two survey formats are compared for other drugs. Both surveys use these same formats for their questions asking about marijuana use and get essentially the same rates <strong>of</strong> use despite the differences in samples and in the form <strong>of</strong> the answer. Exclusion <strong>of</strong> Cocaine One further difference between the questions on the two surveys is that The American Drug and Alcohol Survey TM question specifically says, “Do NOT include cocaine,” but it seems unlikely that 6 percent <strong>of</strong> the respondents to the Monitoring the Future study would include cocaine when asked about their use <strong>of</strong> “gases or sprays.” 11
Reliability <strong>of</strong> the Questions Still another possibility is that one <strong>of</strong> these questions is unreliable. This explanation essentially can be discounted, however, because year after year both the Monitoring the Future study and The American Drug and Alcohol Survey obtain rates from successive samples <strong>of</strong> seniors that are within a percentage point or two <strong>of</strong> the previous year’s results. It is unlikely this consistency would exist if either question were unreliable. When survey results are so dependent on the form <strong>of</strong> the question, it is hard to determine exact rates <strong>of</strong> use. One solution might be to average results from different formats <strong>of</strong> the questions; another might be to use the highest rate since that indicates the possible maximum level <strong>of</strong> exposure. Further studies are required to determine exactly why young people are apparently interpreting these very similar questions differently. The magnitude <strong>of</strong> reported inhalant use prevalence, however, is such that choosing a particular number for the rate <strong>of</strong> inhalant use may not be <strong>of</strong> critical importance. Although the differences between surveys are not small ones, if either rate were chosen as the “true” figure, it would lead to essentially the same conclusions in terms <strong>of</strong> policy, prevention, or treatment planning. Whether the “true” rate is 11 percent or 17 percent, there is entirely too much experimentation by youth with inhalants, and effective prevention efforts are needed to reduce this exposure. Another illustration <strong>of</strong> how even a simple change to a question may alter results significantly comes from the Monitoring the Future study’s question on nitrites. Until 1986, the question asked was, “On how many occasions (if any) have you used amyl or butyl nitrites (poppers, snappers, Locker Room, Vaporole, Rush, Kick, Bullet)?” After 1987, the list <strong>of</strong> examples was removed. Figure 1 shows that, although generally there has been a relatively steady decline in nitrite use, there is a considerably larger drop in the rate <strong>of</strong> use between 1986 and 1987. Some <strong>of</strong> that change probably is due to the change in the question. Clearly, it is very important to be aware that responses to inhalant questions are likely to vary if the questions are even slightly different. While prevalence rates obtained from different survey questions might be compared for drugs such as marijuana, this is not true for inhalants. This has particular importance in comparing rates from different populations, where erroneous conclusions might lead to inappropriate policy decisions. It also is indicative <strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> maintaining the same 12
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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