Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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serious drug use to come and a variety <strong>of</strong> other problem behaviors in the future (Beauvais 1992; Kandel 1975). REASONS FOR LIMITED RESEARCH Despite the existence <strong>of</strong> this compelling knowledge, the current state <strong>of</strong> epidemiologic research into inhalant abuse leaves much to be desired. A variety <strong>of</strong> reasons may exist for the deficit. The major reasons probably concern the fact that inhalant abuse is a relatively hidden phenomenon engaged in by those who perhaps are the least vocal and the most disenfranchised, with consequences <strong>of</strong> use that are not always interpretable or easily attributed. In contrast, the abuse <strong>of</strong> other substances such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin surely has dominated the field <strong>of</strong> research. The numbers <strong>of</strong> users <strong>of</strong> these substances and the associated medical, social, and criminal consequences <strong>of</strong> abuse have been and continue to be well documented and are not at all subtle. The focus <strong>of</strong> attention overwhelmingly is on the side <strong>of</strong> these substances, especially in the United States. Another reason for the dearth <strong>of</strong> information probably has to do with a disdain for the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants—mainly glue, gasoline, paint thinner, and other solvents. Drug users themselves regard inhalant use as a lowly behavior with an associated subculture that is unappealing to many. Passing a rag soaked with paint thinner and sticking one’s face in a paper bag to sniff glue hardly are behaviors that stir the seasoned drug user; at the very least, it is considered “kid stuff’ (McSherry 1988). SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES Irrespective <strong>of</strong> the possible reasons <strong>of</strong>fered for the lack <strong>of</strong> information, there are specific and objective methodological issues that need to be addressed if epidemiologic research into inhalant abuse is to be improved. Using New York State’s three-pronged research approach to drug abuse epidemiology as a context for discussion, the following sections deal with methodological issues having to do with: (1) direct population surveys, (2) indirect indicators, and (3) ethnographic research. 261
DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sectional, anonymous surveys <strong>of</strong> the population—especially <strong>of</strong> youth—have been effective in identifying the existence <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. Periodically, the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Applied Studies <strong>of</strong> New York State’s Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services (OASAS) conducts a survey <strong>of</strong> youth, which includes two components: (1) a stratified sample <strong>of</strong> school students throughout the State (about 35,000 students participated in 1990 when the most recent survey was conducted), and (2) youth residing in a sample <strong>of</strong> residential facilities supervised by the State’s Division for Youth (DFY) (703 adolescents in 12 facilities located throughout the State participated in the 1990 survey). The survey findings for the school students show that inhalants rank as a major substance <strong>of</strong> use for young people (figure 1), that very young students are likely to use (figure 2), that over time the finding that about one in five FIGURE 1. The ranking <strong>of</strong> major substances used by 7th-12th graders in New York State, 1990. SOURCE: New York State Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services. 262
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
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Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
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Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
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Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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