Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 8. Trend and pattern <strong>of</strong> drug abuse between 1975 and 1986. SOURCE: Szeged Mental Health Center for Adolescents, Hungary (unpublished data, 1987). readily available. This condition has been worsened by civil war in the former Yugoslavia and as the East-West drug route crossed Hungary with growing supplies <strong>of</strong> drugs. Hungary lacks reliable epidemiologic data on drug abuse. The objective <strong>of</strong> this chapter has been to draw attention to the need for epidemiologic research by gathering and analyzing information from available sources, in order to review the drug abuse situation and to highlight areas where further research is needed. From both general and regional studies, it can be seen that inhalant abuse is not the current primary drug abuse problem in Hungary. The trend has never been tracked consistently, but available information shows that with a few exceptions only small groups were concerned and that there has been geographic diversity. This was the first drug abuse phenomenon that directed the attention <strong>of</strong> a few clinicians to the problem. The first studies conducted in the mid-1970s in Budapest and Szeged showed that glue sniffing occurred among the young and poorly educated with dysfunctional family backgrounds. Gyor in 1981 and 1982 is an example 117
<strong>of</strong> an epidemic, when inhalant intoxication cases came to the attention <strong>of</strong> service providers. Both before and after those 2 years, only one inhalantusing case has been detected. The drug abuse pattern for Csongrad primarily has been one that involved prescription drugs and opiates with increasing numbers <strong>of</strong> abusers <strong>of</strong> inhalants trackted only in the county <strong>of</strong> Csongrad, indicating that this type <strong>of</strong> drug abuse has declined in that region. Today’s figures show that in both the cities <strong>of</strong> Budapest and Szeged the proportion <strong>of</strong> primary inhalant abusers is about 20 percent <strong>of</strong> the total number <strong>of</strong> registered drug abusers, while Gyor does not have any, and in Pecs the proportion is about 85 percent. This remarkable diversity is derived from the particularly disadvantageous socioeconomic status <strong>of</strong> the regions, high rates <strong>of</strong> unemployment, and multicultural ethnicity associated with inhalant abuse. However, because this was not examined in the other regions, it is difficult to assess the importance <strong>of</strong> cultural factors. NOTE 1. Eva Paulos, M.D., Director <strong>of</strong> Drug Outpatient Clinic <strong>of</strong> Baranya County, assisted the author in the analysis <strong>of</strong> these data. REFERENCES Andorka, R. Deviant behavior in Hungary. New Hung Q 29:134-140, 1985. Central Office <strong>of</strong> Statistics. Demographic Yearbook. Budapest: Central Office <strong>of</strong> Statistics, 1992. Coles, B., and King, A.J.C. The Health <strong>of</strong> Canada’s Youth—Views and Behavior <strong>of</strong> 11-, 13- , and 15-year-olds from 11 countries. Ottawa: Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>National</strong> Health and Welfare, 1992. Creson, D.L. Comments on Psychosocial Characteristics. In: Sharp, C.W., ed. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 129. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)93-3475. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. pp.111-115. Cseme, I. Beszamolo a Klapka utca Drogambulancia 1990: Evi mukodeserol (Report on the Activity <strong>of</strong> Klapka utca Drug Outpatient Clinic in 1990). Alcohol 1-2:62-66, 1991. 118
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
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Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
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Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129 and 130: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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