Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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INHALANT ABUSE AMONG STUDENTS The population <strong>of</strong> Brazil now is estimated to be approximately 150 million. Most <strong>of</strong> the population is young—40 percent are under 18 years <strong>of</strong> age. School attendance figures follow familiar Third World patterns: 83 percent <strong>of</strong> children between the ages <strong>of</strong> 7 and 14 (comprising the 8 years <strong>of</strong> mandatory schooling) attend school, and just 52 percent <strong>of</strong> those between the ages <strong>of</strong> 15 and 17 go to school (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica 1987). Available epidemiological data on drug use regarding this population consistently point to the fact that inhalants are the most frequently used drugs among Brazilian students nationwide, with the exception <strong>of</strong> alcohol and tobacco (table 1). <strong>Inhalant</strong> use figures surpass the use <strong>of</strong> over-thecounter drugs, marijuana, and cocaine (Carlini and Carlini-Cotrim 1993). Furthermore, this preference for inhalants was reported not only in major cities but in smaller ones as well. It also seems to be present both in the public school system, which is attended by lower income children and adolescents, and in the private schools, frequented by students from upper and middle class backgrounds (Carlini and Carlini-Cotrim 1993) (table 2). The products most frequently used by students are lança-perfume and loló. These are made clandestinely and sold illegally and are available exclusively for the purpose <strong>of</strong> drug abuse. In some cities, other products were found to be preferred: shoemaker’s glue, gasoline, fingernail polish, and acetone (Carlini and Carlini-Cotrim 1993; Carlini et al. 1990). As shown in table 3, boys reported a higher consumption rate than girls in all surveyed cities (Carlini and Carlini-Cotrim 1993; Carlini et al. 1990). However, previous data from lower income students in São Paulo (figure 1), suggest that girls have a curious preference towards inhaling beauty products, such as acetone and fingernail polish, when compared to their male peers. Further research is needed within a broader segment <strong>of</strong> the population to confirm this observation. In this same local study focusing on the São Paulo student population, Carlini-Cotrim and Carlini (1988a) found that the total percentage <strong>of</strong> lifetime use <strong>of</strong> inhalant increases with age (table 4). However, the reverse is true when use within the previous 30 days is considered. Then inhalant 65
TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> solvent, marijuana, and cocaine use among secondary students at public schools in 17 Brazilian cities, 1989. City State Capitals Belém Belo Horizonte Brasília Curitiba Fortaleza Porto Alegre Recife Rio de Janeiro Salvador São Paulo Other Cities Bauru (SP) Catanduva (SP) E. S. Pinhal (SP) Guarapuava (PR) Piracicaba (SP) Ponta Grossa (PR) Santos (SP) KEY: SP = São Paulo; PR = State <strong>of</strong> Parana. SOURCE: Carlini and colleagues (1990). Percentage <strong>of</strong> users Solvents Marijuana Cocaine 13.8 2.9 0.2 27.5 4.4 1.0 14.8 4.0 0.6 13.0 2.8 0.4 13.8 2.6 0.2 12.8 6.4 1.2 19.7 1.8 0.3 18.2 3.0 1.8 17.6 1.6 0.4 21.6 4.7 1.2 19.6 2.5 0.4 23.8 4.5 1.1 28.5 7.1 2.3 13.7 3.3 0.9 27.2 6.2 1.1 13.2 1.5 0.9 22.1 4.3 1.3 66
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69: Inhalant Use Among
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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