Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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somewhat more than girls, but the difference decreases across the seventh through ninth grades. However, starting in about the 10th grade, the gender differences in inhalant use rates increase until, by the 12th grade, over twice as many males as females are using inhalants. Ethnicity and <strong>Inhalant</strong> Use <strong>Inhalant</strong>s may be hard to define precisely, but it is even more difficult to define ethnic groups. Trimble (1992) has discussed this problem, pointing out that much <strong>of</strong> the research on ethnicity relies” . . . on the use <strong>of</strong> broad ethnic glosses, superficial, almost vacuous, categories that serve only to separate one group from another. Use <strong>of</strong> such glosses gives little or no sense <strong>of</strong> the richness <strong>of</strong> cultural variations within these groups, much less the existence <strong>of</strong> numerous subgroups characterized by distinct lifeways and thoughtways” (p. 105). Despite these problems in defining ethnicity, it sometimes is necessary for policy and planning purposes to define large groups that share some background characteristics. The ethnic breakdowns for data reported in this chapter utilize standard census classifications and are based on self-identification by the survey respondent. There has been a general belief among drug researchers that Hispanic youth including Mexican Americans, Spanish Americans, Cubanos, Puerto Ricans, and groups with Central or South American backgrounds tend to be more susceptible to inhalant use. There also has been a belief that African-American youth (those self-identified as “black” or “African American”) do not use inhalants. The former belief was based, in part, on early studies by Padilla and colleagues (1977, 1979), who found exceptionally high rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use among Hispanic West Coast youth who lived in barrios. Other studies (Beauvais 1992b) partly confirm the belief about African-American youth, noting that, in 1987, African-American youth showed the lowest rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use, about half that found for other youth. Neither <strong>of</strong> these beliefs, however, holds up consistently. Data from the Monitoring the Future study (Johnston et al. 1992b) show that Hispanic seniors essentially have the same rates <strong>of</strong> use as other U.S. high school seniors and, while fewer African Americans use inhalants, the number is not negligible. They found that among African Americans about 11 percent <strong>of</strong> eighth graders and 7 percent <strong>of</strong> high school seniors indicate that they have used inhalants. 19
TABLE 4. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use by gender and grade (values in percentages). Lifetime prevalence Current use Males Females Males Females 6th grade (n = 14,249) 10.4 7.5 4.0 2.6 7th grade (n = 22,699) 13.6 11.6 4.7 4.4 8th grade (n = 36,220) 17.1 16.2 6.2 6.4 9th grade (n = 20,283) 16.4 15.9 5.0 4.9 10th grade (n = 22,948) 15.7 13.2 4.3 3.5 11 th grade 15.3 10.8 3.3 2.1 (n = 16,710) 12th grade (n = 22,592) 15.1 8.6 2.7 1.2 SOURCE: The American Drug and Alcohol Survey (1992-93 data base). Padilla’s high rates among barrio Hispanics almost undoubtedly are related to the poverty, lack <strong>of</strong> opportunity, and social dysfunction that occur in barrios, not to the fact that these youth happen to be Hispanic. The same general tendency appears for Native-American youth. Indian reservations are among the most disadvantaged environments in the United States; there are high rates <strong>of</strong> unemployment, little opportunity, and high rates <strong>of</strong> alcoholism and other health problems. Native- American youth who live on reservations show very high rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant involvement (34 percent <strong>of</strong> 8th graders and 20 percent <strong>of</strong> 12th graders have tried inhalants), while Native Americans who live in nonreservation communities show high rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use but not nearly the level <strong>of</strong> use found in reservation youth (Beauvais 1992a). It is 20
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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