Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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young are likely to drop out before they reach the 12th grade, actual data on inhalant use by dropouts are sparse. Studies currently are underway at the Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research at Colorado State University to look at three groups: Native-American adolescents living on reservations and Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white youth living in three communities in the western part <strong>of</strong> the United States. Within each <strong>of</strong> these population groups, three groups <strong>of</strong> adolescents have been selected for study: (1) dropouts who have not been in school for at least a month; (2) young people in the same grade who have not dropped out but who have poor grades; and (3) young people randomly selected from the same grades as the dropouts. Students for groups 2 and 3 are chosen randomly, from those who match with a dropout on the basis <strong>of</strong> gender and ethnicity. Table 8 shows the percentage <strong>of</strong> young people in each group who have ever tried inhalants and the percentage who indicate inhalant use during the last month. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use is high for both dropouts and students who have poor grades for all three ethnic groups. <strong>Inhalant</strong>s are not the only drugs used by young people who are having problems with school; dropouts and students with poor grades are more likely to use many drugs than students in good standing in school. Other data from these studies show that there are statistically significant differences in school status (Chavez et al. 1989). TABLE 8. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and academic standing by ethnic group (values in percentages). Control Poor grades Dropout Mexican American 17 29 32 Non-Hispanic white 23 33 35 Native American 22 34 37 NOTE: Data collected on NIDA and <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Alcohol <strong>Abuse</strong> and Alcoholism projects through the Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research, Colorado State University, 1992. 25
CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in the United States, there is no evidence that use <strong>of</strong> inhalants is declining among young people. In fact, it has overtaken marijuana as the most likely first drug for youth. An accurate understanding <strong>of</strong> the extent and nature <strong>of</strong> the problem is hampered by methodological problems. These include the difficulty in defining inhalants precisely and the unusual sensitivity <strong>of</strong> responses to minor differences in survey questions about inhalant use. Males are more likely than females to use inhalants up through about the 6th grade and again after about the 10th grade. During the seventh to ninth grades, however, there are very small gender differences in inhalant use. One major factor contributing to inhalant use appears to be exposure to poor socioeconomic conditions within a given community. This factor likely accounts for reported ethnic differences in the rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use, rather than any cultural or racial propensity to use inhalants. In addition to socioeconomic distress, increased inhalant use seems to be associated with lack <strong>of</strong> success in school. The use <strong>of</strong> inhalants differs from the use <strong>of</strong> other drugs in a number <strong>of</strong> significant ways, with important implications for prevention and treatment programs. As the new gateway drug, it is critical that research and prevention efforts pay special attention to the etiology <strong>of</strong> inhalant use. REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Comparison <strong>of</strong> drug use rates for reservation Indian, nonreservation Indian and Anglo youth. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res 5:13-31, 1992a. Beauvais, F. Volatile solvent abuse: Trends and patterns. In: Sharp, C.W.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 129. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)93-3475. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992b. pp. 13-42. Beauvais, F., and Oetting, E.R. Toward a clear definition <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. Int J Addict 22:779-784, 1987. Chavez, E.L.; Edwards, R.W.; and Oetting, E.R. Mexican-American and white-American dropouts’ drug use, health status and involvement in violence. Public Health Rep 104:594-604, 1989. 26
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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