Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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toluene, benzene, and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, some chronic abusers were found to manifest signs <strong>of</strong> mental disorder, electroencephalogram abnormalities, malignant anemia, brain damage, and violent behavior. Other associated effects <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse include accidents and aggravation <strong>of</strong> other illnesses. Criminal behavior was found to be related to inhalant abuse. Some social effects include disruption <strong>of</strong> family life and lack <strong>of</strong> interest in schoolwork and personal hygiene among the users. Preventive Intervention and Treatment All countries have indicated great concern about the inhalant abuse problem. Preventive strategies have been implemented as a means <strong>of</strong> control, mainly through health education targeted at the young population. Drug treatment facilities in some countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore have accommodated inhalant abusers. They include both inpatient and outpatient services. Supervision and counseling programs are available in most countries. A multidimensional approach to prevention <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse that involves various groups and settings such as schools, the community, and social workers was found to be an effective means to address the problem. Some form <strong>of</strong> legislative control <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse is present in most countries. However, the degree <strong>of</strong> severity <strong>of</strong> control differs among the countries. REFERENCES Arnold, A.K. “A Study <strong>of</strong> Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> Awareness in Selected New Zealand Secondary Schools.” Paper presented to NSAD Summer School on Alcohol, Drugs and Chemical Dependency, Wellington, NZ, 1983. Association <strong>of</strong> Southeast Asian Nations. “Singapore Country Report.” Report <strong>of</strong> the Tenth Meeting <strong>of</strong> ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters, September 29-October 3, 1986. Manila: ASEAN Secretariat, 1986. pp 1-10. Birdling, J. “The Sniffing Problem.” Paper presented at NSAD Summer School on Alcohol, Drugs and Chemical Dependency, Wellington, NZ, February 3-5, 1981. Brady, M. Bibliography: Petrol Sniffing and Other Volatile Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> in Australia and Overseas. Canberra, Australia: Alcohol and Drug Foundation, 1990. 47
Edmondson, K. Review <strong>of</strong> the extent <strong>of</strong> volatile solvent abuse in Australia. In: Grant, M.; Arif, A.E.; and Navaratnam, V., eds. <strong>Abuse</strong> <strong>of</strong> Volatile Solvents and <strong>Inhalant</strong>s: Papers Presented at a WHO Advisory Meeting. International Monograph Series No. 1. Penang, Malaysia: Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1988. pp. 24-54. Meredith, S. “Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> in New Zealand.” Paper presented at World Consultation on Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> meeting, Geneva, December 1992. Navaratnam, V. The problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse in the South-East Asian/Western Pacific Region—a regional analysis. In: Grant, M.; Arif, A.E.; and Navaratnam, V., eds. <strong>Abuse</strong> <strong>of</strong> Volatile Solvents and <strong>Inhalant</strong>s: Papers Presented at a WHO Advisory Meeting. International Monograph Series No. 1. Penang, Malaysia: Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1988. pp. 16-23. Office <strong>of</strong> the Narcotics Control Board, Treatment Division and Chulalongkom University, <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Health Research. Statistical Report FY 1990 Drug Dependence Information System Treatment Population. Bangkok: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health, Department <strong>of</strong> Medical Services, 1992. pp. 237-256. Pemgpam, U.; Danthamrongkul, V.; and Poshychinda, V. “Trend <strong>of</strong> Change in <strong>Abuse</strong>d Substances Among Adolescent Drug Dependence Population in the 1980’s in Thailand.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Youth in the Asia-Pacific Region, Bangkok, June 30-July 4, 1992. Sharifah, M.T.F. “Report on the <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong> Problem in Sarawak, East Malaysia.” Paper presented at the Twelfth IFNGO Conference, Singapore, November 12-16, 1990. Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association. Anti-Glue Sniffing and <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Handbook. Singapore: Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association, 1988. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following persons and institutions provided assistance in data collection: P.A.H. Ibrahim Rosmawatiniah, Anti Drug Association <strong>of</strong> Brunei Darussalam; William Tang, the Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>rs, Hong Kong; Sandra Meredith, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Youth Affairs, New Zealand; Diony V. Varela, Dangerous Drugs Board, Philippines; Lee Dong-Hee, Narcotics Control Division, Republic <strong>of</strong> Korea; Peter Sim, Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association; Thamrong Dasananjali, M.D., Ministry <strong>of</strong> Public Health, Thailand; and the 48
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104:
The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322:
138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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