Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 8. Most-consumed drugs according to public perception <strong>of</strong> Peruvians from various surveys (values in percentages). Public Public Substance opinion opinion 1987 1988 Opinion leaders 1990 Public opinion 1992 School children 1992 Coca paste 34.6 34.4 40.9 36.3 8.6 Alcohol 27.3 26.0 17.2 5.6 50.7 Marijuana 26.1 17.8 14.6 20.6 2.8 Cocaine NA 12.9 20.0 20.3 3.0 Tobacco NA 5.8 2.6 6.5 29.4 <strong>Inhalant</strong>s NA NA NA 8.5 3.4 Others 12.0 3.1 4.7 0.0 2.0 KEY: NA = not available. SOURCE: Ferrando (1988, 1989, 1991b, 1992); Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> (1993). Among marginalized children, that is, children working in the streets but living at home or children living in the street, the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse is a serious problem. Among children working in the streets but living at home, the lifetime prevalence rate for inhalant abuse is high, ranging from 15 to 45 percent depending on the study being cited. For children living in the streets, the use <strong>of</strong> inhalant is even more severe. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, most <strong>of</strong> these street children use inhalants on a daily basis. The lack <strong>of</strong> research on the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse is a serious impediment to development <strong>of</strong> intervention programs and strategies to address this problem in Perú. Epidemiologic and ethnographic research on the nature and extent <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse are obvious prerequisites to targeted treatment and preventive intervention programs. The urgent need for current and valid data is underscored by the unique vulnerability 201
<strong>of</strong> the youthful population at risk and the undisputed harm that results from chronic abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants. Nonetheless, it is important to mention several programs that work with street children. Some, such as the Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, Generation, and Centro Integración de Menores en Abandono have shelters where street children are <strong>of</strong>fered transition to a less marginal lifestyle. Teams <strong>of</strong> street educators provide the children with practical solutions and gain their confidence, as well as <strong>of</strong>fer them alternative socialization experiences to help them survive the streets and avoid the <strong>of</strong>ten repressive and counterproductive environments typical <strong>of</strong> many institutions. Most <strong>of</strong> the children who go through these programs tend to abandon inhalant use as they mature out <strong>of</strong> street life. REFERENCES Bachman, C., and Coppel, A. Le Dragon Doméstique: Deux Siecles de Relations Etranges entre l’Occident et la Drogue. Paris: Michel Albin, 1989. Benjamin, D.K., and LeRoy Miller, R. Undoing Drugs: Beyond Legalization. New York: Basic Books/Harper Collins, 1993. Carbajal, C.; Jeri, R.; Bravo, C.; and Valdivia, L. Estudio epidemiólogico sobre uso de drogas en Lima. Rev Sanid Fuerzas Policiales 41:1-38, 1980. Castro de la Mata, R. Farmacodependencia en el Peru. Psicoactiva 1:15-53, 1987. Chavailli-Arroyo, A.; Tuber-Oklander, J.; and Champion-Castro, G.A., eds. Disolventes Inhalables. Mexico: Centros de Integración Juvenil, 1988. Claux, M., and Villanueva, M. “Factores Relacionados al Consumo de Sustancias Inhalables en Menores de Alto Riesgo de Lima Metropolitana.” Lima: Information Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>. Unpublished manuscript. Clinger, O., and Johnson, H. Purposeful inhalation <strong>of</strong> gasoline vapor. Psychoanal Q 25:557-567, 1951. Contreras, C., ed. Inhalación Deliberada de Solventes Industriales. Mexico: Trillas, 1977. 202
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 155 and 156: TABLE 5. National
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205: working with children living in the
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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