Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 10. Selected opinions about the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Most <strong>of</strong> these substances sometimes are sniffed by me when working with them. Whenever I inhale them, I feel I am above everybody and I sometimes take my father’s motorcycle and start riding it. They really make you feel cool and nice; know what I mean? People don’t only sniff to get high but to copy friends and playmates. It’s sometimes enjoyable sniffing ’cause, when you are high, you’re cool. It makes me feel like I do when I am in low spirit. I took it because I wanted to fight, and after I took it I felt I was strong and that I could fight anybody. People usually take them in order to make them aggressive when there is a fight. Glue makes some people not to be afraid. Also, robbers use it for courage. In actuality these substances are harmful but good for young guys. The last time my friend sniffed spray, she told me it worked (i.e., she felt high and behaved crazy). Petrol specifically . . I have seen a friend sniff it, and he nearly passed out after a few minutes. He never did sniff again because he felt that day he was going to die. Later, it caused him a serious sickness that nearly finished him. They are poisonous, bad for health and all that, but nevertheless they make you feel good and that’s what matters. Petrol—It was like hell the first time I took it and [I] will never take [it] again. Immediately after I took [it] my eyes and the whole head was heavy for some seconds, and then I regained my normal energy. I would like to advise those who get courage from drugs to start working with their right senses because you will end up a loser if you go on taking drugs. NOTE: IT FEELS GOOD TO BE ONESELF. These are all illiterate or local drugs. Why didn’t you mention “coke”? 185
THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHALANT ABUSE Because <strong>of</strong> the social and cultural factors that influence the abuse <strong>of</strong> drugs in general and inhalants in particular, it is likely that there are distinguishable differences in the patterns <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse within Nigeria and between African countries. For example, in Nigeria, it seems that the abuse <strong>of</strong> inhalants (and stimulants) is more prevalent in the northern part <strong>of</strong> the country. Northern Nigeria predominantly is Muslim, while the South predominantly is Christian. There is need for research to shed more light on regional and cultural differences in drug abuse within the country. Apart from this, there are many other unanswered questions concerning inhalant abuse that require research attention at present. What, for example, are the social and familial factors associated with inhalant abuse? Do adolescents who use organic solvents use them in combination with other drugs ? What are the consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse? Do young people in some occupations (e.g., vulcanizers and carpenters) abuse inhalants more than others? These questions should guide the direction <strong>of</strong> future research on inhalant abuse in Africa. In order to answer them satisfactorily, surveys <strong>of</strong> student populations will have to be supplemented with collaborative studies with special groups and the general populations in different regions <strong>of</strong> African countries. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF INHALANT AND OTHER DRUG ABUSE In general, the treatment <strong>of</strong> alcohol and other drug-dependent persons in Nigeria is fraught with problems. First, the availability <strong>of</strong> manpower and facilities is grossly inadequate. A survey by the World Health Organization (1991) <strong>of</strong> mental health practitioners and facilities in the country showed a total <strong>of</strong> 28 psychiatric care facilities with about 3,000 beds. Listed as staff in these facilities were 44 psychiatrists, 15 clinical psychologists, and 11 social workers. Even though most mental health care workers were involved in the management <strong>of</strong> drug-dependent persons, only three hospitals had special facilities for the treatment <strong>of</strong> these patients. A more recent survey (Ohaeri and Odejide 1993) supports this picture <strong>of</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong> availability <strong>of</strong> psychiatric care facilities in Nigeria. In 28 facilities visited by the researchers (13 in the north and 15 in the south), 186
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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