Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 1. Psychiatric patients <strong>of</strong> substance abuse (values in percentages). Substance <strong>of</strong> abuse Stimulants Solvents Hypnotics Antianxiety drugs Analgesics Cough syrups Cannabis Cocaine Morphine No. <strong>of</strong> patients surveyed 96* KEY: * Inpatients only. SOURCE: Fukui (1993). Year 1976 1981 1982 1987 1989 1991 31.3 40.3 42.7 39.2 40.8 35.3 17.7 41.5 38.9 34.2 38.7 40.7 13.5 6.0 5.4 9.6 5.5 6.9 9.4 1.2 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.7 25.0 7.1 9.6 9.5 7.0 6.5 — — 0.7 3.4 3.9 3.4 — — — 0.1 0.8 1.3 — — — — 0.2 0.2 1 .0 0.4 — — — — HISTORICAL TRENDS IN SOLVENT ABUSE 571 803 881 915 938 In 1960, there were sporadic anecdotal reports that paint thinners were being inhaled by prisoners as a substitute for alcohol. In 1962, the police <strong>of</strong> Gumma Prefecture reported that a few adolescent workers intentionally 123
had inhaled the vapor from lacquer thinner and become intoxicated. These represented, however, only sporadic and limited reports <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse. In 1967, young vagrants known as Futen began to stand in front <strong>of</strong> the Sinjuku Station in Tokyo, openly inhaling solvent vapors from plastic bags. Shortly thereafter, solvent inhalation spread throughout Japan. Figure 1 documents this epidemic. Figure 1 also shows an epidemic <strong>of</strong> hypnotic analgesics abuse between 1960 and 1965. This occurred among teenage delinquents and school dropouts and predates solvent abuse. Both had a common feature; that is, both were grouporiented activities among teenagers. At that time even youngsters were able to buy hypnotics quite freely at a drugstore, and they consumed relatively high doses <strong>of</strong> those substances, <strong>of</strong>ten with alcohol, to get into an intoxicated, dreamy state. Later the sale <strong>of</strong> those drugs was legally restricted, so youngsters replaced hypnotics with organic solvents, which are cheaper, easier to obtain, more potent, and quicker to create a dreamy trip than hypnotic drugs. Today, solvent abuse is found in virtually every prefecture <strong>of</strong> Japan. Many <strong>of</strong> those who abuse are young solvent abusers who experiment for a short period, but some develop into long-term solitary heavy users with disturbed psychopathology. Epidemics at the initial stage <strong>of</strong> abuse has become endemic, since use is closely connected with the subculture <strong>of</strong> school dropouts and delinquent groups. Initially, solvent abusers were open in their activities. Afterwards, they became more secretive, mainly as a reaction to the efforts by authorities to eradicate the problem. SITUATIONS IN KAGAWA PREFECTURE Kagawa Prefecture, where the author now works, is located on Shikoku, the fourth main island in southern Japan. It has a population <strong>of</strong> slightly more than 1,000,000 people, representing about 1 percent <strong>of</strong> the total population <strong>of</strong> Japan (figure 3). Figure 4 shows the number <strong>of</strong> juveniles diverted to treatment for solvent abuse in Kagawa Prefecture and in Japan. For the past 10 years, solvent abusers both in Kagawa and in Japan have been decreasing somewhat, with the national decline being sharper. Table 2 presents the sources <strong>of</strong> solvents among 206 juveniles directed to treatment for solvent abuse in 1991; 61.2 percent bought the substances at various shops, and 18.4 percent stole them from shops or workplaces. 124
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
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Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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