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FIGURE 3. Location and population <strong>of</strong> Kagawa Prefecture. SOLVENT ABUSE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS Fukui and colleagues (1991) conducted an extensive survey <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse among 5,240 junior high school students in 12 public schools in Chiba Prefecture near Tokyo. One-and-a-half percent <strong>of</strong> all students reported use <strong>of</strong> solvents at least once in the past, including 2.1 percent <strong>of</strong> male students and 0.9 percent <strong>of</strong> female students. This percent might be an underestimate, since the survey was conducted among students who were in classrooms at the time <strong>of</strong> the survey and these might have been relatively healthy students who attend school on a regular basis. Many solvent abusers are thought to be absent or dropouts from school. The survey also suggested that nonusers have more satisfying school and family lives than solvent users. BACKGROUNDS AND PROGNOSIS OF ADOLESCENT SOLVENT ABUSERS Results <strong>of</strong> a study <strong>of</strong> 64 cases <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse who presented to the Child Guidance Center will be described (Suwaki et al. 1982). Child Guidance Center primarily is an assessment center and works with clients, their 125
FIGURE 4. Numbers <strong>of</strong> juveniles guided for solvent abuse in Kagawa and in Japan. SOURCE: Kagawa Prefectural Office for Countermeasures <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> (1992). families, and schoolteachers to manage the problems <strong>of</strong> youth. The center refers clients to a treatment facility or a family court if deemed necessary. Although the study was conducted 10 years ago, the essential features <strong>of</strong> solvent abusers are believed to characterize the present situation: There were twice as many males (67.2 percent) as females among the 64 subjects. Age at the time <strong>of</strong> consultation ranged from 11 to 17 (table 3); it should be noted that the study involved 10- to 18-year-olds. Junior high school students (13 to 15 years old) accounted for the majority <strong>of</strong> cases (87.5 percent). Table 4 shows the age at initial inhalation <strong>of</strong> solvents among the 64 clients. Most <strong>of</strong> the students first used while in junior high school, and they initiated 1 year before they began consultation. Frequency <strong>of</strong> inhalation generally is once a week or a few times a month, mostly with peers. 126
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Use of in
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 7. Use of in
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
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Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
Page 117 and 118: (with the main psychoactive compone
Page 119 and 120: In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
Page 121 and 122: FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
Page 123 and 124: of an epidemic, wh
Page 125 and 126: Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
Page 127 and 128: FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
Page 129: had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
Page 141 and 142: Epidemiology <stro
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 1. National
Page 145 and 146: (Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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