Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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Dr. Hiroshi Suwaki reviews trends <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse in Japan during the past several decades. Using primarily treatment, education, and law enforcement data, Dr. Suwaki documents the increasing trend in abuse <strong>of</strong> organic solvents, which he states has been at a continuously high level since the 1970s and which confronts every prefecture in Japan. Dr. Suwaki concludes by characterizing a treatment population <strong>of</strong> youth and presenting a topography <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse among a psychiatric population. The chapter by Maria Elena Medina-Mora and Shoshana Berenzon provides a comprehensive overview <strong>of</strong> the inhalant use problem in Mexico and efforts undertaken by the Mexican Government and institutions in the private sector to address this problem. According to the authors, inhalants comprise the third most prevalent drug group <strong>of</strong> abuse in the Mexican population, after tobacco and alcohol. Data from several school-based and national household surveys suggest that the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among Mexicans occurs at an earlier age than that observed for other substances. Males also were found to use inhalants at a higher rate than females. In addition, students who reported the use <strong>of</strong> solvents were more likely to be arrested than users <strong>of</strong> other drugs. In their conclusion, the authors describe ways in which Government <strong>of</strong>ficials in Mexico are beginning to develop prevention and treatment programs to address the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use and abuse. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse is an emergent problem in Nigeria, as reported by Dr. Isidore Silas Obot. Dr. Obot presents the findings <strong>of</strong> several studies that show the prevalence <strong>of</strong> substance abuse (he compares alcohol, cannabis, and solvents) has varied between major Nigerian cities, with rates <strong>of</strong> solvent abuse highest in Lagos, a major commercial city. He also found that rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse were higher for northern areas <strong>of</strong> Nigeria than for other areas. Dr. Obot concludes that the geographic differences in prevalence rates may be due to cultural, principally religious, differences; he suggests that more research is needed to explore this hypothesis. In conclusion, Dr. Obot addresses the special issues associated with the prevention and treatment <strong>of</strong> inhalant and other drug abuse. The lack <strong>of</strong> adequately trained personnel, facilities and other resources, and the labeling <strong>of</strong> drug abuse as a mental health problem all serve to make public health intervention difficult. Dr. Roberto Lemer and Delicia Ferrando review the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant use in Peru. According to the authors, the prevalence and consequences <strong>of</strong> inhalant use appear to be low in the general population but high among marginalized children. Use <strong>of</strong> inhalants ranks third in lifetime 5
prevalence, after alcohol and tobacco use. Among marginalized children, inhalant use and abuse is high, with the majority <strong>of</strong> these children reporting that they use inhalants on a daily basis. The authors also discuss the lack <strong>of</strong> prevention and treatment programs and the lack <strong>of</strong> research on this topic, which provides a serious impediment to the development <strong>of</strong> a national strategy to address this problem. John Ramsey, Jennifer Taylor, and Drs. H. Ross Anderson and Robert J. Flanagan provide a comprehensive description <strong>of</strong> the volatile substance abuse problem in the United Kingdom. A sharp increase in the number <strong>of</strong> deaths (predominantly <strong>of</strong> male adolescents) attributable to volatile compounds began in the 1980s and that level <strong>of</strong> mortality has been maintained into the 1990s. The authors present a detailed description <strong>of</strong> the methods <strong>of</strong> data collection and limited access to current information. They describe specific volatile substances abused and the characteristics <strong>of</strong> abusers in the United Kingdom. They conclude with a commentary on attempts to address the volatile substance abuse problem in the United Kingdom through legislation, treatment and prevention, and the response <strong>of</strong> industry to issues involving product change. Dr. Pamela Jumper-Thurman, Barbara Plested, and Dr. Fred Beauvais address the issue <strong>of</strong> treatment strategies for volatile substance abusers in their chapter. As the authors point out, the drug abuse treatment field has been challenged by inhalant abuse. It has been believed that the resultant neurological and physiological damage from the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants was not only irreversible, but it also made treatment almost impossible. These complications as well as the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the inhalant abusers that have implications for treatment are discussed. Family problems, academic failure, and other social problems require multiple services and counseling approaches in the treatment setting. This chapter sets forth principles for treating inhalant abusers that have promise for effective interventions. Issues such as treatment readiness; use <strong>of</strong> peer-patient advocacy; thorough physical, cognitive, and neurological functioning; and knowing the patient individually as well in the social and cultural context serve to increase chances <strong>of</strong> success. This chapter should stimulate treatment practitioners not only in the United States but in other countries in which inhalant abuse is recognized as a problem. Dr. Blanche Frank reviews research data on inhalant use and abuse from a methodological perspective. Based principally on studies conducted in New York State, Dr. Frank describes the three general methodological approaches used to estimate incidence and prevalence, monitor patterns 6
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318:
102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322:
138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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