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Crider, A.R., and Rouse, A.B., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. Escohotado, A. Historia de las Drogas. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1989. Ferrando, D. Segunda encuesta de opinión pública sobre drogas: Principales resultados. Psicoactiva 4:15-60, 1988. Ferrando, D. Estudio de Percepciones sobre Drogas de la Población Urbana del Perú. Monografia de Investigación-3. Lima: CEDRO, 1989. Ferrando, D. Use de Drogas en las Ciudades del Peru: Encuesta de Hogares 1988. Monografia de Investigación-5. Lima: CEDRO, 1990. Ferrando, D. Los Jóvenes en el Peru: Opiniones, Attitudes y Valores. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 1991. Monograffa de Investigación-7. Lima: CEDRO, 1991a. Ferrando, D. Opiniones y Attitudes de los Líderes Peruanos sobre Drogas. Monograffa de Investigación-6. Lima: CEDRO, 1991b. Ferrando, D. Uso de sustancias inhalables con fines psicoactivos: Niveles y modalidades en el Peru. Psicoactiva 9:3-30, 1992. Ferrando, D. Conocimiento y Uso de Drogas en los Colegios de Secundaria. Encuesta Nacional 1992. Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 1993. Ferrando, D. “El Consumo de Drogas entre los Menores de Edad: Un Estudio de Casos en dos Ciudades de la Selva Peruana.” Lima: Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>. Unpublished manuscript. Huamán, M.J.; Tueros, M.; and Villanueva, M. “Aspectos Psicosociales Relacionados con el Uso de Drogas en Lima Metropolitana.” Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú-Ministerio de Educación. Unpublished manuscript. Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>. Opiniones sobre Drogas en el Perú Población Urbana. Monograffa de Investigación-8. Lima: Information Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, 1993. Jutkowitz, J.; Arrellano, R.; Castro de la Mata, R.; Davis, P.; Elinson, J.; Jeri, R.; Shay-Cr<strong>of</strong>t, M.; and Timana, J. Uso y Abuso de Drogas en el Perú. Monografia de Investigación-1. Lima: Information and Education Center for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, 1987. Lemer, R. Drugs in Perú: Reality and Representation. Nijmegen, Holland: Nijmegen University, 1991. Lock, W. Uso de sustancias volátiles por menores de un centro de readaptación. Psicoactiva 3:95-109, 1989. 203
Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y Drogas: Consumo y Tóxicodependencia.” <strong>Institute</strong> for Economic and Social Sciences Working Paper 182. Fribourg: University <strong>of</strong> Fribourg, 1991. McKenna, T. Food <strong>of</strong> the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree <strong>of</strong> Knowledge. New York: Bantam Books, 1992. Musto, F.D. The American Disease: Origins <strong>of</strong> Narcotics Control. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973. Sharp, C.W., and Brehm, M.L., eds. Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong>s: Euphoria to Dysfunction. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 15. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. Sharp, C.W., and Carroll, L.T., eds. Voluntary Inhalation <strong>of</strong> Industrial Solvents. Rockville, MD: <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong>, 1978. Trebach, S.A. The Great Drug War. New York: Macmillan, 1987. AUTHORS Roberto Lemer, Ph.D. General Manager Lemer and Lemer and Associate Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Psychology Catholic University <strong>of</strong> Perú and Member <strong>of</strong> the Board International Council <strong>of</strong> Alcohol and Addictions Valle Riestra 652 San Isidro Lima. Perú Delicia Ferrando, M.A. Residencial Santa Cruz Block H-404 Lima 27, Perú 204
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
Page 157 and 158: TABLE 6. National
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199 and 200: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 207: of the youthful po
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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